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COĞRAFİ BİLGİ SİSTEMLERİ VE ANALİTİK HİYERARŞİ YÖNTEMİ KULLANILARAK GELİBOLU YARIMADASI’NDA HEYELANA DUYARLI ALANLARIN BELİRLENMESİ

Son yüzyılda hızlı nüfus artışı ve teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak doğal çevre bileşenleri ve arazinin ilksel şekli üzerinde insanlar tarafından çeşitli değişiklikler yapılmaktadır. Doğal çevre bileşenlerine yapılan kontrolsüz müdahaleler yerkürenin doğal döngüsünün bir parçası olan bazı olayların afete dönüşmesine neden olmaktadır. Bu afetlerden birisi çeşitli jeolojik, jeomorfolojik, beşeri ve fiziki faktörlerin etkisi altında meydana gelen heyelanlardır. Can ve mal kayıplarına yol açan heyelanlar,Dünya’da ve Türkiye’de önemli doğal afetlerden birisidir. Son yıllarda bu afetin etkilerini azaltmak için heyelan duyarlılık haritaları yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Heyelan duyarlılık haritalarının üretilmesi, doğru arazi kullanımı ve yerleşim alanlarının planlanması açısından önemli birhusustur. Bu nedenle heyelanlarla ilgili olarak çok sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Duyarlılık haritalarının hazırlanmasında heyelan oluşumuna neden olan bütün faktörleri daha sistemli ve pratik bir şekilde analiz edebilen CBS (Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri)'ye dayalı AHS (Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci) yöntemi yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Gelibolu Yarımadası’nda heyelana duyarlı alanların tespit edilmesi ve bu heyelanların yol açabileceği olumsuzlukların azaltılması amaçlanmaktadır.Çalışmada CBS (Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri) tekniklerine dayalı AHS (Analitik Hiyerarşi Sistemi) kullanılarak, Gelibolu Yarımadası’nda heyelan duyarlılık analizi yapılmıştır. Bunun için önce sahanın genel fiziki coğrafya özellikleri açıklanmıştır. Daha sonra heyelan oluşumunuetkileyen faktörler; litoloji, fay hatlarına uzaklık, yerşekilleri, eğim, bakı, eğim şekli, bağıl topografik nemlilik, yağış (mm), akarsulara uzaklık, toprak, arazi kullanımı ve arazi örtüsü (AKAÖ) olarak belirlenmiş ve bunların sahadaki heyelan oluşumunaetkileri açıklanmıştır. Bu faktörlere ait haritaların oluşturulması için çeşitli kaynaklardan elde edilen farklı veri tiplerinden yararlanılmıştır. AHS, SCB Associates Ltd tarafından geliştirilen AHP Template yazılımı kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun için öncelikle çalışma amacı belirlenmiş (hedef) ve bu amaç doğrultusunda seçimi etkileyen kriterler ortaya konmuştur. Daha sonra bu kriterler göz önüne alınarak alternatifler tespit edilmiş ve hiyerarşik bir yapı oluşturulmuştur. Haritaların oluşturulmasında Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri yazılımlarından biri olan ArcGIS/ArcMap 10.2 paket programından faydalanılmıştır. Kullanılan faktörlere ait haritalar, yöntemde belirtilen ağırlık değerlerine göre 10x10 m çözünürlüğündeki grid haritalara dönüştürülmüş ve formül içeriği doğrultusunda birleştirilerek heyelan duyarlılık haritası elde edilmiştir. Bu araştırma, heyelan potansiyelinin ve etkisinin yüksek olduğu Gelibolu Yarımadası’nda yapılan ilk heyelan duyarlılık çalışması olduğu için önemlidir. Ayrıca yakın gelecekte bölgede Çanakkale Boğaz Köprüsü, yeni ulaşım sistemleri ve değişik sosyo-ekonomik yatırımlar yapılacak olması, bu çalışmanın önemini daha da arttırmaktadır.

SPOTTING THE TERRAIN SENSITIVE TO LANDSLIDE IN GALLIPOLI PENINSULA USING GEOGRAPHICAL

In the last century, natural environmental components and primary form of the terrain have been altered by humanity depending on the rapid population increase and technological developments. The uncontrolled interferences on natural environmental components have turned some natural events -which were once considered a part of the natural cycle- into catastrophes. One of those catastrophes is landslide which occurs under the influence of various geologic, geomorphologic, humanities and physical factors. Landslides which cause loss of life and property are one of the most important catastrophes in Turkey and around the world. Landslide sensitivity maps have been made to decrease the effects of landslides in recent years. Producing landslide sensitivity maps are important for proper land use and for planning the settlements. Many researches have been done for that reason. While preparing landslide sensitivity maps, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method based on GIS (Geographical Information Systems) is widely used for the reason that it can analyze all the factors causing landslides in a more systematical and practical way. In this study it is aimed to spot the terrain which is sensitive to landslide and decrease the negativities which these landslides might cause. In the study, landslide susceptibility analysis in Gallipoli peninsula is made using AHS (Analitical Hierarchy System) based upon GIS (geographic information systems) techniques. To do this, at the beginning, general physical features of the area are explained. Then, the factors which affect the formation of the lanslide are determined as; lithology, distance to the active fault lines, landforms, slope, aspect, shape of the slope, dependent topographical moistness, precipitation (mm), distance to the watercourses, soil, land usage and land cover, and the affect of these factors on the formation of the landslide is explained. Various data types which are taken from different sources are used to make maps belong to these factors. AHS is done using AHP Template software which is developed by SCB Associates Ltd.In order to do this, firstly, the purpose of the study is determined and in the direction of this purpose, criteria which affect the choise are presented. Then, by taking into consideration of these criteria, the alternatives are determined and a hierarchical structure is formed. For making the maps, ArcGIS/ArcMap 10.2 packaged software which is one of the Geographical Information System software is used. The maps which belong to the factors that are used, are turned into the 10x10 m dissolvability grid maps according to the weight value that is determined in the method and the landslide susceptibility map is obtained by combining in accordance with formula substance. This study is significant because it is the first landslide susceptibility study in Gallipoli Peninsula where the potential and the effect of landslide is high. Also, Çanakkale Bosphorus Brige, new transportation systems and various socio-economic investments which will be made in this region in the near future increase the importance of this study.In the last century, natural environmental components and primary form of the terrain have been altered by humanity depending on the rapid population increase and technological developments. The uncontrolled interferences on natural environmental components have turned some natural events -which were once considered a part of the natural cycle- into catastrophes. One of those catastrophes is landslide which occurs under the influence of various geologic, geomorphologic, humanities and physical factors. Landslides which cause loss of life and property are one of the most important catastrophes in Turkey and around the world. Landslide sensitivity maps have been made to decrease the effects of landslides in recent years. Producing landslide sensitivity maps are important for proper land use and for planning the settlements. Many researches have been done for that reason. While preparing landslide sensitivity maps, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method based on GIS (Geographical Information Systems) is widely used for the reason that it can analyze all the factors causing landslides in a more systematical and practical way. In this study it is aimed to spot the terrain which is sensitive to landslide and decrease the negativities which these landslides might cause. In the study, landslide susceptibility analysis in Gallipoli peninsula is made using AHS (Analitical Hierarchy System) based upon GIS (geographic information systems) techniques. To do this, at the beginning, general physical features of the area are explained. Then, the factors which affect the formation of the lanslide are determined as; lithology, distance to the active fault lines, landforms, slope, aspect, shape of the slope, dependent topographical moistness, precipitation (mm), distance to the watercourses, soil, land usage and land cover, and the affect of these factors on the formation of the landslide is explained. Various data types which are taken from different sources are used to make maps belong to these factors. AHS is done using AHP Template software which is developed by SCB Associates Ltd.In order to do this, firstly, the purpose of the study is determined and in the direction of this purpose, criteria which affect the choise are presented. Then, by taking into consideration of these criteria, the alternatives are determined and a hierarchical structure is formed. For making the maps, ArcGIS/ArcMap 10.2 packaged software which is one of the Geographical Information System software is used. The maps which belong to the factors that are used, are turned into the 10x10 m dissolvability grid maps according to the weight value that is determined in the method and the landslide susceptibility map is obtained by combining in accordance with formula substance. This study is significant because it is the first landslide susceptibility study in Gallipoli Peninsula where the potential and the effect of landslide is high. Also, Çanakkale Bosphorus Brige, new transportation systems and various socio-economic investments which will be made in this region in the near future increase the importance of this study.At the end of the study, the main regions that have the risk of landslides in the research area have been determined. According to the study results, it has been understood that the potential of landslide in Gelibolu peninsula is of secondary/medium degree. Especially, it has been detected that 15,6% of the area is at high and 13% of the area is at so high danger of landslide. It has been detected that danger of landslide occurs more from terrestrial clasts (sandstone, claystone) which belongs to neogene of lithology and in the slopes which have high amount/value of incline and precipitation. The areas at the low and the so low danger of landslide are respectively at the rate of 30,8% and 15,3%. These areas are plains and valley bottoms in which incline amounts decline. Landslide hot zones are seen in northeast; between Gelibolu, Güneyli, Pazarlı, Demirtepe emplacements and Çanakkale strait, in the central parts; Sütlüce, Cumaali, Pazarlı, Ilgadere and Burgaz, in the southwest; in the east of Eceabat, in the northwest of Seddülbahir and in Şehitler Sırtı. It has been discovered that the most distinctive factors which affect the formation of landslide in Gallipoli peninsula are slope, lithology, land use and land cover. It has been seen that in research field, the landslides occur more on cuttings which consist of especially middle and upper Miocene old sandstone and claystone. It has been detected that there is less sensitivity in middle-upper Eosin old netritic claystones and kuartener old alluviums which are found in the river bed slopes which decrease, and the effusive beds. Moreover, it has been seen that there is much landslide sensitivity in the hillsides which look at Southwest where the rates of slope and raining raise. It has been detected that in land studies, the landslides in the field occur as collapses in the form of block. The possibility of landslide in Gallipoli peninsula seems to have increased in parallel with increasing population from southwest to northeast. The places where the possibility of landslide is high correspond to overpopulated regions. These places are the ones which are located between Gallipoli, Bolayir and Korukoy and have more population as compared to others. This relationship between landslide and overpopulation triggers the risk of landslide on human lives in this area. Also, the Canakkale – Edirne – Istanbul highway is considered to be one of those areas with a high possibility of landslide. In this project in which we take the areas with a high possibility of landslide into consideration, a number of necessary precautions should be taken before this natural event causes loss of life and property. The areas carrying a high possibility of landslide, such as Ocaklı, Kavaklı, Cumali, Sütlüce, Demirtepe and Dumanlı, should be relocated. They should not be open to reconstruction; otherwise, we should construct buildings by tacking the risk od landslide into account. Necessary precautions should be taken for Çanakkale - Edirne - İstanbul highway which carries the risk. Otherwise, it would be on no use if we try to take precautions after the disaster, what is lost can never be solved. The results of this study correlate with the indications in the Turkey Landslide Inventory Map, scale of 1/500.000 and which was prepared by Duman for General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration. Also the obtained result shows similarities between the studies that are done in Tekirdağ (Özşahin, 2014), Hatay (Değerliyurt, 2014), Samsun (Akıncı, 2011), Trabzon (Filiz and Avcı, 2013), Hatay (Özşahin, 2013), Bolu (Kumtepe, 2009),and Sinop (Özdemir, 2005) It is thought that using the prepared landslide map with optimum approaches has an important function in the landslide risk management, settlement and transportation plannings and in the studies of damage reduction. It is also thought that landslide sensitivity map can be used for land use and site selection on a city basis. It has been observed that this landslide sensitivity study in which GIS (Geographical Information System) based AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method has been applied gives reliable results, and they have been confirmed by field researches. The fact that it has been revealed in the field researches that landslides occurred in Yeniköy, Güneyli, and Kavaklı, and the results correspond to the findings of MTA’s 1/500.000 scaled Turkey Landslide Inventory Map (Çanakkale plate) proves that GIS based AHP method and the factors that have been applied give reliable results. Gelibolu Peninsula is predicted to become a center of attraction due to the Çanakkale Bosporus that is going to be finished in 2023, an thus there will be a great increase in population and socio- economical activities in the near future. In this respect, in the research fields it is necessary to make more comprehensive studies and planning on landslides. In order to be successful in the future earthquake sensitivity studies, a common information standardization should be achieved to determine the parameters and weight values of information layers. Such studies will be guiding to be an example for the earthquake areas in our country. Similar studies with a larger scale should be made in smaller areas with and earthquake risk. Another step in such studies could be transferring the obtained data to a web ground and forming a data base with a search tool.

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