ARAPÇADAN TÜRKİYE TÜRKÇESİNE GEÇMİŞ SÖZCÜKLERDE GÖRÜLEN ÜNSÜZLERLE İLGİLİ SES OLAYLARI

İnsanın bir yetisi sonucunda birer iletişim aracı olarak ortaya çıkmış diller gelişim tarihleri boyunca sürekli etkileşim içinde olmuşlardır. Boyutları dilden dile farklılıklar gösteren bu etkilenmeler kültürel etkileşimin de bir sonucu olarak genellikle sözcük alış verişi düzeyinde meydana gelmiştir. Kültürel etkileşim yoluyla birçok dilde olduğu gibi Türkiye Türkçesine de, çeşitli dönemlerde, farklı dillerden sözcükler yerleşmiş ve bu ödünç sözcükler zamanla dilimizin söz varlığının bir parçası olarak günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Türkçenin ilk yazılı örneklerinden bugüne, çeşitli dönemlerde farklı dillerden Türkçeye dâhil olmuş alıntı sözcükler, o dönemde geçerli olan Türkçe kurallar doğrultusunda değişmelere uğramıştır. Bu değişmeler genellikle ünlüler ya da ünsüzler düzeyinde meydana gelen fonetik değişmelerdir. Alıntı sözcüklerde görülen fonetik değişmeler aslında her dilin kendi ses dizimsel dinamiklerinin ve kurallarının bir sonucu olarak, çoğunlukla en az çaba yasasının etkisi ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. Daha kolay söyleme yönünde gelişen bu fonetik değişmeler hem o dilin asıl sözcüklerinde hem de başka dillerden o dile yerleşmiş alıntı sözcüklerde meydana gelmektedir. Dil kurallarının alıntı sözcükleri de kapsayacak şekilde genelleşmesi dillerin alıntı sözcükleri de kendi söz varlığı içine alabilme çabasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Kültürel gelişme ve değişmeler sonucunda dile giren yeni kavramlara her an yeni karşılıklar türetmenin zorluğu, başka dillerden sözcük almayı gerektirmiş ve sözcük alımı daha çok etkilenilen kültürü taşıyan dillerde olmuştur. Bu nedenle de Türkiye Türkçesi, çoğunlukla İslamî değerlerin taşıyıcısı konumunda olan Arapçadan sözcük ödünçlemiştir. X. yüzyılda Arapçadan Türkçeye girmeye başlayan ve XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren de sayısı artarak daha geniş bir kullanım alanı bulan alıntı sözcükler günümüze kadar varlığını devam ettirmiştir. Bu uzun süreçte ana dilin kuralları çerçevesinde değişmelere ve bir ölçüde Türkçeleşme yolunda fonetik farklılaşmalara uğramışlardır. Oğuzcaya dayalı olarak Anadolu'da, XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren gelişen edebî yazı dili bugün yaygın bir biçimde Eski Anadolu Türkçesi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. XV. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren yerini Osmanlı Türkçesine bırakan bu edebî Türkçe günümüzde Türkiye Türkçesi olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyetinin resmî dilidir. Türkiye Türkçesi gelişim süreci boyunca bazı dillere sözcük verirken bazı dillerden de çeşitli oranlarda sözcük almıştır. Şu anda dilimizin söz varlığı içinde değerlendirilen ödünç sözcüklerin büyük bir kısmı Arapçadan ödünçlenmiş olanlardır. Bu sözcüklerin çoğunun Türkiye Türkçesinin doğal dil kurallarına ve imlasına uyumlu olarak kullanıldıkları, temel dilin etkisi altında, seslik düzeyde, çeşitli değişmelere uğradıkları görülmektedir. Arapçadan ödünçlenmiş sözcüklerde ünsüzlerle ilgili olarak meydana gelen ses olaylarının büyük bir kısmı Türkiye Türkçesinin kendi iç ve dış dinamiklerine göre açıklanabilmektedir. Türkiye Türkçesinin ünsüz diziminde diğer dillerde olmayan bazı kurallar söz konusudur. Bunlardan en önemlileri ikiz ünsüz kullanılmaması, bulunmaması, sözcüklerin bazı ünsüz çiftleriyle bitmemesi ve bazı ünsüzlerle sözcüklerin başlamamasıdır. Türkçeye özgü bu özelliklerin alıntı sözcüklerde de etkili olduklarını ve bazı fonetik değişmeleri tetiklerini görmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada dilimize Arapçadan girmiş ödünç sözcüklerin, ünsüz düzeyinde ne tür değişimler geçirdikleri ele alınmış, ünsüzlerle ilgili bu değişmelerin hangi eğilimlerden kaynaklandığı ve genelleşme düzeyleri Türkçe Sözlükten elde edilmiş verilerle ispatlanmaya çalışılmıştır.

PHONETICAL CHANGES REGARDING CONSONANTS IN THE MODERN TURKISH WORDS BORROWED FROM ARABIC

Languages, which emerged as result of a human ability and has functioned as tool of communication, have always been in a state of interactions throughout their history. These interactions varied according to languages and generally occurred in the form of word exchanges as a result of cultural interactions. This was also the case for the Modern Turkish, which adopted words from various languages in various periods. These loanwords have survived to the present day as part of Turkish vocabulary. From the earliest written examples to the present, loanwords have undergone changes according to the grammatical rules of the Turkish language in the corresponding period. These changes are usually phonetical changes that are related to vowels or consonants. Phonetical changes in the loanwords occur as a result of phonological dynamics of a certain language and with the influence of the least effort rule. These phonetical changes that take place due to the easier enunciation principle occur both in the words of a particular language and in the words borrowed from other languages. Generalization of linguistic rules to include loanwords originate from the effort to adopt them into its own vocabulary. The difficulty of creating equivalents to the newly-acquired concepts that happen as a result of cultural changes led to the necessity to borrow words from other languages and borrowing words happen in the languages that transmit the culture which influences other cultures. Hence, Modern Turkish has borrowed words mostly from Arabic which transmits Islamic values. The loanwords that generally began to enter into Turkish from Arabic in the tenth century and be used extensively from the thirteenth century onwards have survived to the present day. In this long period, they have changed in accordance with the rules of Turkish and undergone phonetical changes, which eventually made them part of the Turkish vocabulary. A new literary language based on the Oghuz language began to emerge in Anatolia from the thirteenth century onwards. This literary Turkish that is generally called Old Anatolian Turkish and began to be replaced by Ottoman Turkish from the late fifteenth century onwards is called Modern Turkish today. Modern Turkish, the official language of the Turkish Republic, have lent words to some languages and have borrowed words from them in varying degrees throughout its developmental process. Some of the loanwords that are considered a part of Turkish language today are from Arabic. Most of these loanwords are used in accordance with the natural linguistic rules and spelling of Modern Turkish with only various phonetical changes under the influence of the recipient language. Most of the the phonetical changes in the consonants of Arabic loanwords can be explained by the internal and external dynamics of Modern Turkish. Modern Turkish have some rules of consonantal phonology which other languages do not. The most important of these are that Modern Turkish does not use double consonants, words do not end in vocalized tenuis and some consonant pairs, and words do not begin with certain consonants. These features specific to Modern Turkish have an impact on loanwords as well and lead to some phonetical changes. In this study, the kind of consonantal changes Arabic loanwords in Turkish have undergone, what tendencies cause these changes and the levels of generalization have been proved by using the data obtained from the Turkish Dictionary Languages, which emerged as result of a human ability and has functioned as tool of communication, have always been in a state of interactions throughout their history. These interactions varied according to languages and generally occurred in the form of word exchanges as a result of cultural interactions. This was also the case for the Modern Turkish, which adopted words from various languages in various periods. These loanwords have survived to the present day as part of Turkish vocabulary. From the earliest written examples to the present, loanwords have undergone changes according to the grammatical rules of the Turkish language in the corresponding period. These changes are usually phonetical changes that are related to vowels or consonants. Phonetical changes in the loanwords occur as a result of phonological dynamics of a certain language and with the influence of the least effort rule. These phonetical changes that take place due to the easier enunciation principle occur both in the words of a particular language and in the words borrowed from other languages. Generalization of linguistic rules to include loanwords originate from the effort to adopt them into its own vocabulary. The difficulty of creating equivalents to the newly-acquired concepts that happen as a result of cultural changes led to the necessity to borrow words from other languages and borrowing words happen in the languages that transmit the culture which influences other cultures. Hence, Modern Turkish has borrowed words mostly from Arabic which transmits Islamic values. The loanwords that generally began to enter into Turkish from Arabic in the tenth century and be used extensively from the thirteenth century onwards have survived to the present day. In this long period, they have changed in accordance with the rules of Turkish and undergone phonetical changes, which eventually made them part of the Turkish vocabulary. A new literary language based on the Oghuz language began to emerge in Anatolia from the thirteenth century onwards. This literary Turkish that is generally called Old Anatolian Turkish and began to be replaced by Ottoman Turkish from the late fifteenth century onwards is called Modern Turkish today. Modern Turkish, the official language of the Turkish Republic, have lent words to some languages and have borrowed words from them in varying degrees throughout its developmental process. Some of the loanwords that are considered a part of Turkish language today are from Arabic. Most of these loanwords are used in accordance with the natural linguistic rules and spelling of Modern Turkish with only various phonetical changes under the influence of the recipient language. Most of the the phonetical changes in the consonants of Arabic loanwords can be explained by the internal and external dynamics of Modern Turkish. Modern Turkish have some rules of consonantal phonology which other languages do not. The most important of these are that Modern Turkish does not use double consonants, words do not end in vocalized tenuis and some consonant pairs, and words do not begin with certain consonants. These features specific to Modern Turkish have an impact on loanwords as well and lead to some phonetical changes. In this study, the kind of consonantal changes Arabic loanwords in Turkish have undergone, what tendencies cause these changes and the levels of generalization have been proved by using the data obtained from the Turkish Dictionary. Since modern Turkish and Arabic are two languages that are distant both in terms of structure and origin, have a very wide range of usage in the world, and are unlikely to be related, completely different rules regarding phonemic order in these languages are at work. Therefore, when these languages borrow words from each other, they try to make these loanwords undergo common phonetical changes and accommodate them according to its linguistic rules. Hence, it is not unusual to witness certain phonetical changes in Arabic loanwords at the level of consonants according to the rules of consonantal syntagm in Modern Turkish. The most common phonetical change in Arabic loanwords in Modern Turkish is the singularizing of twin consonants and devoicing. Since it is contrary to Modern Turkish system of phonetic syntagm to use double consonants, one of the twin consonants in Arabic loanwords is dropped and thus, less effort is spent in uttering them. eziyyet>eziyet, ferrāş>faraş, hammal>hamal, hammām>hamam, ḳaṣṣāb>kasap, ḳaffāf>kavaf (ucuz ayakkabı yapıp satan), rezze>reze(menteşe), ṣaḥḥāf>sahaf, selle>sele(sepet), debbāğ>tabak, zumurrud>zümrüt, şellāle>şelale, faḫḫ>fak, havāss>heves, hurr>hür, reff>raf, şabb>şap, takass>takas, zamm>zam. Singularizing of twin consonants is mostly seen in the middle and end of words. Devoicing is not common in Modern Turkish words in that it requires extra effort. On the contrary, general trend is vocalisation. Despite this, devoicing is a generally seen phonetical change at the beginning, middle and the end of Arabic loanwords. This arises from consonantal harmony in Turkish and the fact that certain consonants do not come at the beginning and end of words. bahā>paha, dellāl>tellal, cūl>çul, ġırbāl>kalbur, ġavġā>kavga, ġayb>kayıp, baydaḳ>paytak, zuḳāḳ>sokak, debbāğ>tabak, zikınefes>tıknefes, zaʿferan>safran (bir bitki), abdal>aptal, behcet>behçet, echel>eçhel, ibtāl>iptal, ḳaḥbe>kahpe, lehce>lehçe, mahcub>mahcup, matbah>mutfak, masdar>mastar, mudhiş>müthiş, nisbet>nispet, şubhe>şüphe, ıztırab>ızdırap, felc>felç, cesed>ceset, burç>burç, cevāb>cevap, cild>cilt, evlād>evlat, ḫāric>hariç, icad>icat, sedd>set, debbāğ>tabak. There are also phonetical changes in Arabic loanwords at the level of consonants that are encountered less often. While most of them occur in accordance with the least effort rule, some of them occur due to other rules in Modern Turkish such as consonant harmony and consonants. Other phonetical changes regarding Turkishification or assimilation of Arabic loanwords into Turkish are as follows: Dropping of consonants: afv>af, biyʿat>biat, ceyb>cep, fişeng>fişek, ins>in (insan), hafakan>afakan, hıyanet>ihanet, feylesof>filozof, nevbet>nöbet, miṭhare>matara, misk>mis, saḥleb>salep (bir bitki), seyl>sel, istiftāḥ>siftah, temyiz>temiz, terāvīh>teravi, ustād>usta, veliyyi-ʿahd>veliaht, zemherīr>zemheri, hurr>hür, reff>raf, şabb>şap, ṭibb>tıp, zamm>zam, zann>zan, zemm>zem. Vocalisation, Continuity and Discontinuity: bornus>bornoz, ıztırab>ızdırap, feylesof>filozof, katīfe>kadife, akīde>ağda, ḳaffāf>kavaf (ucuz ayakkabı yapıp satan), manḳal>mangal, meles>melez, ṣaḥīfe>sayfa, ṣamġ>zamk; matbaḫ>mutfak, cebr>cevr, ittiba>intiba; faḫḫ>fak, ḫalīfe>kalfa, ḫinnā>kına, masḫara>maskara (eğlenceli, rezil), mis̱ḳab>matkap, nusḫa>muska, matbaḫ>mutfak. Consonant generation: acaʿīb>acayip, fīʿat>fiyat, katāʿif>kadayıf, kehrubā>kehribar, ḳīṭān>kaytan, māʿī>mavi, babbağa>papağan, saʿterī>soytarı, şaḳāʿiḳ>şakayık, ṭāliʿ>talih, ṭamaʿ>tamah, zaʿīf>zayıf, zīnet>ziynet, unnab> hünnab, cibillet>cibilliyet, ʿaybe>heybe. Simulation and Differentiation of Consonants: ʿanber>amber, ḫıżrilyās>hıdırellez, inbik>imbik, ḳanber>kamber, menbaʿ>memba, safvet>saffet(temizlik), ṭunbūr>tambur, tekye>tekke, tenbīh>tembih, zinbīl>zembil(torba), mevhum>mefhum, sünbül>sümbül, şubhe>şüphe, menba’>memba; attar>aktar, kemmūn>kimyon, mihekk>mihenk(denek taşı), muşammaʿ>muşamba, tennūr>tandır, ittiba’>intiba, matbah>mutfak, ḳaffāf>kavaf (ucuz ayakkabı yapıp satan). Duplication, Metathesis, Nasalisation and Other Consonant Changes: huzām>hüzzam; ṣahrīc>sarnıç, ġırbāl>kalbur; bekkāre>makara, ittiba>intiba; ḫıżr-ilyās>hıdırellez, kelpetān>kerpeten, nebbūt>labut (kalın, kısa sopa), mā-fīhi>mafiş (bitti, yok), ṣahrīc>sarnıç, cihaz>çeyiz, halecan>heyecan, sahife>sayfa. As the examples above suggest, various consonantal changes, some of which are common and others less frequent, occur in Arabic loanwords in Modern Turkish. Although various reasons for these changes can be cited, the most prevailing and the most significant of these, in our opinion, is the effort to Turkishify these words and the need to render them easy to utter.

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