ALEVİ-BEKTAŞİ İCAZETNAMELERİNDE ŞEKİL VE İÇERİK

Tekkeler Osmanlı tarihindeki dinî yapılanma açısından çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Zira bu kurumlar, Osmanlı coğrafyasında çok yaygın olarak bulunan ve önemli birçok görevi yerine getiren büyük kurumlardır. Tekkelerin iyi yönetilmesi, yaptıkları görevlerde başarılı olmaları açısından oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Bektaşi tekkeleri de bu gibi önemli görevler üstlenmiş kurumlardan biridir. Bektaşi tekkeleri Osmanlı zamanında Balkanlar'dan Mısır'a kadar büyük bir alana yayılmıştır. Bu tekkelerin mütevelli heyetinde, Çelebiler olarak adlandırılan ve Hacı Bektaş evlatları olarak kabul edilen kişiler bulunmaktaydı. Bu kişiler Osmanlı Devleti tarafından da Hacı Bektaş evladı olarak kabul edilir ve tekkelerin gelir gider işleriyle uğraşırlardı. Böylesine büyük bir oluşum içinde dergâhlardaki hizmetlerin en doğru şekilde yapılabilmesi doğru kişilerin seçilmesiyle mümkün olabilirdi. Bu konuda alınan tedbirlerden ilki, hizmeti yapacak olan seçilmiş kişilere verilen yetki belgesi anlamına gelen icazetnamelerdir. Zira bu belge ile idareciler daha rahat hareket ediyorlardı. Bu icazetnamelerde, dönemin değer yargılarına, inanç, ibadet algılamalarına dair ipuçlarına rastlandığı gibi, icazetnamenin yazıldığı şahıslara ait bilgilere de ulaşılmaktadır. İcazetname, hocanın öğrencisine ya da şeyhin müridine verdiği bir çeşit diplomadır. Bu güne kadar yapılan çalışmalarda Alevi-Bektaşi icazetnamelerinin bir kısmı bazı dergi ve kitaplarda yayınlanmış ancak bu çalışmalarda sadece asıl metin ve Türkçe karşılığı verilmekle yetinilmiş olup fiziki ve içerik analizini ele alan ciddi bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışmadan önce bu konuda yapılmış çalışmalara bakıldığında bunların çok değerli çalışmalar olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak bu değerli vesikalar üzerine genel ve ayırıcı özelliğe sahip bir çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu çalışma bu özelliğiyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Alevi-Bektaşi icazetnamelerinin şekil ve muhteva bakımından tahlilleri yapılarak icazetnamelerin genel Bektaşi icazetname formlarıyla örtüşen ve farklılaşan yönleri belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır. Ayrıca Bektaşi icazetnamelerinin Ahilik icazetnameleri ile bir karşılaştırması da yapılacaktır. Çalışma, Gazi Üniversitesi, Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi'nde 2000-2017 yılları arasında yayınlanan 40 adet icazetnamenin incelenmesiyle sınırlandırılmıştır. İnceleme sonunda Alevi-Bektaşi icazetnamelerinin küçük de olsa bazı farklılıklar gösterdiği, içeriklerinin hemen hemen aynı olduğu, bu belgelerin tarihi, sosyal ve siyasi ve kişisel anlamda bazı faydaları ihtiva ettiği, 17. yüzyıldan sora bu belgelerde bazı değiştirmelerin yapıldığı ve güvenilirliklerini nispeten kaybettikleri, belgelerin Ahilik icazetnameleri ile büyük benzerlik gösterdikleri tespit edilmiştir

SHAPE AND CONTENT ANALYSIS IN ALEVI-BEKTASHI’S PERMIT DOCUMENT

The monotheism has a very important place in terms of religious structure in Ottoman history. Because these institutions are very common in the geography of the Ottoman Empire and fulfill many important tasks are large institutions. Good management of the tekkels is very important in terms of their success in the tasks they are doing. Bektashis tekkeleri is one of the institutions that have undertaken such important duties. Bektashi monks spread over a large area from the Balkans to Egypt during Ottoman times. The board of trustees of these monks had people who were called Çelebiler and were accepted as Hacı Bektaş sons. These people were accepted by the Ottoman State as Haci Bektaş's children and they were dealing with the income and expenditure of the tekkeler. In such a large formation, the services of the dergâh could be done in the most correct way possible by choosing the right people. Among the measures taken in this regard are the duties which mean the authorization certificate awarded to the elected persons who will perform the service. Because of this document administrators were moving more easily. In these cases, as well as the clues to the value judgments of the period, beliefs, perceptions of worship, as well as the information about the persons who are written by the authors, are reached. The propriety is a kind of diploma given to the student's student or to the sheikh muridine. Some of the Alevi-Bektashi records have been published in some journals and books, but in these studies, only the original text and Turkishness have been given, and no serious study has been done on physical and content analysis. When we look at the work done in this subject before this work, it is seen that they are very valuable works. However, there is no general and distinctive study on these valuable documents. This work is at the forefront with this feature. In this study, the Alevi-Bektashi orders will be analyzed in terms of form and content, and the overlapping and differentiated aspects of the agreements will be tried to be determined with the general Bektashi order forms. In addition, a comparison of the Bektashis licenses with the copies of Ahishi licenses will be made. The study was limited to the examination of 40 articles published between 2000-2017 at Gazi University, Turkish Culture and Hacı Bektaş Veli Research Journal. At the end of the examination, it was found that the Alevi-Bektashi signatures differed little in some respects, their contents were almost the same, these documents contained some historical, social and political and personal benefits, some changes in these documents from the 17th century, It has been found that they have great similarities with the laws The administrations of the monocles, which had a very important place in terms of religious structure in the Ottoman history, were also so important. Because these institutions were very common in the Ottoman geography and fulfilled many important tasks. The good governance of the tekkels was of great importance in terms of their success in the tasks they performed. Bektashis tekkeleri was also among these important institutions. Bektashi monks spread over a large area from the Balkans to Egypt during Ottoman times. The board of trustees of these monks had people who were called Çelebiler and were accepted as Hacı Bektaş sons. These people were accepted by the Ottoman State as Haci Bektaş's children and they were dealing with the income and expenditure of the tekkeler. In such a large formation, it was possible that the services in the dwellings could be done in the right way, by choosing the right people. The measures taken for this are the acts of authorization which mean the authority certificate awarded to the elected persons to serve. Some of the Alevi-Bektashi records have been published in some journals and books, but in these studies, only the original text and Turkishness have been given, and no serious work has been done on physical and content analysis. In this study, the Alevi-Bektashi orders were analyzed in terms of shape and content, and the overlapping and differentiated aspects of the orders were tried to be determined with the general Bektashi order forms. In addition, a comparison of the Bektashis licenses with the copies of Ahishi licenses will be made. The study was limited to the examination of 40 articles published between 2000-2017 at Gazi University, Turkish Culture and Hacı Bektaş Veli Research Journal. The oldest of them belongs to 1526, the newest to 1870. As a result of the study, it is observed that the Alevi-Bektashi signatures differ in some minor ways, their contents are almost the same, they contain some historical, social and political and personal benefits, some changes in these documents from the 17th century, documents have been found to be very similar to those of the Ahi allegation. Tekkeler has a very important place in terms of religious structure in the Ottoman history. Because these institutions are very common in the geography of the Ottoman Empire and fulfill many important tasks are large institutions. Good management of the tekkels is very important in terms of their success in the tasks they are doing. Bektashis tekkeleri is one of the institutions that have undertaken such important duties. Bektashi monks spread over a large area from the Balkans to Egypt during Ottoman times. The board of trustees of these monks had people who were called Çelebiler and were accepted as Hacı Bektaş sons. These people were accepted by the Ottoman State as Haci Bektaş's children and they were dealing with the income and expenditure of the tekkeler. In such a large formation, the services of the dergâh could be done in the most correct way possible by choosing the right people. Among the measures taken in this regard are the duties which mean the authorization certificate awarded to the elected persons who will perform the service. Because of this document administrators were moving more easily. In these cases, as well as the clues to the value judgments of the period, beliefs, perceptions of worship, as well as the information about the persons who are written by the authors, are reached. The propriety is a kind of diploma given to the student's student or to the sheikh muridine. Some of the Alevi-Bektashi records have been published in some journals and books, but in these studies, only the original text and Turkishness have been given, and no serious work has been done on physical and content analysis. When we look at the work done in this subject before this work, it is seen that they are very valuable works. However, there is no general and distinctive study on these valuable documents. This work is at the forefront with this feature. Method In this study, the Alevi-Bektashi orders will be analyzed in terms of form and content, and the overlapping and differentiated aspects of the agreements will be tried to be determined with the general Bektashi order forms. In addition, a comparison of the Bektashis licenses with the copies of Ahishi licenses will be made. The study was limited to the examination of 40 articles published between 2000-2017 at Gazi University, Turkish Culture and Hacı Bektaş Veli Research Journal. At the end of the examination, it was found that the Alevi-Bektashi signatures differed little in some respects, their contents were almost the same, these documents contained some historical, social and political and personal benefits, some changes in these documents from the 17th century, Large with were found to be similar. In the documents which have an important place in AlevisBektashis written documents, besides the historical information, the characteristics that a member of a sect must possess, the rituals of the sect and the application of the ethical principles. The necessity of the Prophet and the nation of Ahl al-Bayt was emphasized, thus reflecting the basic principles of Alevis-Bektashi thought and practices. In addition, there is a lot of information about Allah, the Quran, how to look at the Prophets and Hadiths, the importance of guidance, human relations, worthy judgments of the time. Results At the end of the examination it was determined that the AleviBektashi orders were slightly different, their contents were almost the same, they contained some historical, social and political and personal benefits, some changes were made in these documents after the 17th century and they lost their credibility relatively. It is also understood that the ordinances of the deputies are a kind diploma and that they fulfill their duties better. It is also the result of the fact that the taking of the Alawi-Bektashi orders over time is based on different reasons. On the other hand, these documents are recognized by the administrators of the Ottoman State and they give different privileges to the document owners. Again, as a result of research and investigation, it has been thought that the Alawi-Bektashi documents were copied illegally despite all the measures and that for some of the interests, the fake documents were given to the disadvantaged persons and they were profitable. This has led both to the lack of respect for the cult and to the unjustly exploitation of people without lyakes.

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