___

• Al-Jarf, A. & Sado, R. (2002). Effect of online learning on struggling ESL college writers. San
• Antonio, TX: National Educational Computing Conference Proceedings. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 475 920). Atkins, N. E., & Vasu, E. S. (2000). Measuring knowledge of technology usage and stages of concern about computing: a study of middle school teachers. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 8(4), 279-302.
• CEO Forum (2000). The CEO forum: School technology and readiness report [Online]. DC:
• CEO Forum. Available: http://www.ceoforum.org. Clark, R.E. (1983). Reconsidering research on learning from media. Review of Educational Research, 53, 445-459.
• Clark, R. E. (1994). Media will never influence learning. Educational Technology, Research and Development, 42(2), 21-29.
• Day, T., Raven, M. R. & Newman, M. E. (1998). The effects of world wide web instruction and traditional instruction and learning styles on achievement and changes in student attitudes in a technical writing in an agricommunication course. Journal of Agricultural Education, (4), 65-75.
• Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2001). The systematic design of instruction (5th Edition).
• New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, Inc. Ertmer, P. A., Bai, H., Dong, C., Khalil, M., Park, S. H., & Wang, L. (2002). Online professional development: Building administrators' capacity for technology leadership. Journal of
• Computing in Teacher Education, 19(1), 5-11. Gagne, M. & Shepherd, M. (2001). Distance learning in accounting. T. H. E. Journal, 29(9), 62.
• Gbomita, V. (1997). The adoption of microcomputers for instruction: Implications for emerging instructional media implementation. British Journal of Educational Technology, (2), 87-101.
• Hall, G. E., George, A. A., & Rutherford, W. L. (1977). Measuring stages of concern about the innovation: A manual for use of the SoC questionnaire. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational
• Development Laboratory (SEDL). Johnson, M. (2002). Introductory biology online: Assessing outcomes of two student populations. Journal of College Science Teaching, 31(5), 312-317.
• Johnson, S. D., Aragon, S. R., Shaik, N., & Palma-Rivas, N. (2000). Comparative analysis of learner satisfaction and learning outcomes in online and face-to-face learning environments.
• Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 11(1), 29-49. Jones, E. (1999). A comparison of all web-based class to a traditional class. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED432286). Texas.
• Kearsley, G. (2000). Online education: learning and teaching in no cyberspace. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
• Kozma, R. B. (1994). Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate. Educational
• Technology Research and Development, 42, 7-19. Liu, Y. (2003a). Improving online interactivity and learning: A constructivist approach.
• Academic Exchange Quarterly, 7(1), 174-178. Liu, Y. (2003b). Taking educational research online: Developing an online educational research course. Journal of Interactive Instruction Development, 16(1), 12-20.
• Liu, Y. (under review). Effects of Online Instruction vs. Traditional Instruction on Students’ Learning. Liu, Y., & Huang, C. (in press for 2005). Concerns of teachers about technology integration in the United States. European Journal of Teacher Education, 28(1).
• Liu, Y., Theodore, P., & Lavelle, E. (2004). A preliminary study of the impact of online instruction on teachers’ technology concerns. British Journal of Educational Technology, (3), 1-3.
• Liu, Y., Lavelle, E., Andris, J. (2002). Experimental effects of online instruction on locus of control. United States Distance Learning Association Journal, 16(6), Article 002. Retrieved
• June 27, 2004, from http://www.usdla.org/html/journal/JUN02_Issue/article02.html.
• McCollum, K. (1997). A professor divides his class in two to test value of online instruction.
• Chronicle of Higher Education, 43, 23. Mills, S. C. (1999). Integrating computer technology in classrooms: teacher concerns when implementing an integrated learning system. KS, US. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 432 289).
• Navarro, P., & Shoemaker, J. (1999). The power of cyberlearning: An empirical test. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 11(1), 33.
• Nesler, M. S., Hanner, M. B., Melburg, V., & McGowan, S. (2001). Professional socialization of baccalaureate nursing students: Can students in distance nursing programs become socialized? Journal of Nursing Education, 40(7), 293-302.
• Phipps R. & Merisotis J. (1999). What's the difference? A review of contemporary research on the effectiveness of distance learning in higher education. Washington, DC, USA: The Institute for Higher Education Policy.
• Rudden, J. F., & Mallery, A. L. (1996). Effects of Internet instruction and computer experience on preservice teachers' concerns about its place in planning and teaching. U.S.;
• Pennsylvania. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 409592).
• Russell, T. L. (1999). The No Significant Difference Phenomenon, Office of Instructional
• Telecommunications: North Carolina State University. Ryan, R. C. (2000). Student assessment comparison of lecture and online construction equipment and methods classes. . T. H. E. Journal, 27(6), 78-83.
• Schulman, A. H., & Sims, R. L. (1999). Learning in an online format vs. an in-class format: An experimental study. T. H. E. Journal, 6.
• Snider, S. L.; Gershner, V. T. (1999). Beginning the change process: Teacher stages of concern and levels of Internet use in curriculum design and delivery in one middle and high. school setting. TX, US. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 432 300).
• Wade, W. (1999). Assessment in distance learning: What do students know and how do we know that they know it? T.H.E. Journal, 27(3), 94-100.
• Waits, T., & Lewis L. (2003). Distance education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions: 2000-2001. U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC, USA: National
• Center for Education Statistics (NCES Pub 2003-017).