___

• Anakwe, U., Kessler, E., & Christensen, E. H. (1999). Distance learning and cultural diversity: Potential user’ perception. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, (3), 224-243.
• Anderson, N., Baskin, C. (2002). Can we leave it to change? New learning technologies and the problems of professional competence. International Education Journal, 3(3), 126-137.
• Anderson, T. D., & Garrison, D. R. (1998). Learning in a networked world: new roles and responsibilities. In C. C. Gibson (Ed.), Distance learner in higher education:
• Institutional responses for quality outcomes (pp. 97-112). Madison: Atwood Publishing. Applefield, J. M., Huber, R., & Moallem, M. (2001). Constructivism in theory and practice: Toward a better understanding. The Journal of High School, 84(2), 35-53.
• Barber, N. S., & Meier, T. (1990). Multicultural context a key factor in teaching. The Eisenhower National Clearinghouse for Mathematics and Science Education (ENC).
• Retrieved December, 12, 2003, from http://www.enc.org/topics/equity/articles/documents.shtm?input=ACQ 111465-1465.
• Berge, Z. L. (2000). New roles for learners and teachers in online higher education.
• Retrieved March, 5, 2004, from http://www.globaled.com/articles/BergeZane2000.pdf
• Berge, Z. L. (2001). The role of the online instructor/facilitator. Retrieved June, 16, , from http://www.emoderators.com/modertors/teach_online.html
• Bogdan, R., & Biklen, K. S. (1992). Qualitative research for education. Boston: A
• Division of Simon & Schuster. Borrowdale, C. (2000). Online distance education: The influences of culture and gender on student perceptions at Jones International University. Retrieved May, 16, , http://www.gcc.bradley.edu/com/faculty/lamourex/borrowdalepaper.html.
• Branden, J., Lambert, J. (1999). Cultural issues related to transactional open and distance learning in universities: a European problem? British Journal of Educational Technology, 30(3), 251-260.
• Brem, S. K. (2002). Some ethical considerations and resources for analyzing online discussions. ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation College Park MD. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED470201).
• Bridges, D. (2000). Back to the future: The higher education curriculum in the 21st century. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30(1), 37-55.
• Brower, H. H. (2003). On emulating classroom discussion in a distance-delivered
• OBHR course: Creating an online learning community. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2(1), 22-36. Burge, E. (1998). Gender in distance education. In C. C. Gibson (Ed.), Distance learner in higher education: Institutional responses for quality outcomes
• (pp. 25-45). Madison: Atwood Publishing. Cadorath, J., Harris, S., & Encinas, F. (2002). Training for distance teaching through distance learning. Open Learning, 17(2), 139-152.
• Cajas, F. (2000). Technology education research: Potential directions. Journal of
• Technology Education, 12(1), 1-91. Canon, M. M., Umble, K. E., Steckler, A., & Shay, S. (2001). We’re living what we’re learning: Student perceptions in distance learning degree and certificate programs in public health. Journal of Public Health Management, Practice, 7(1), 49-59.
• Chen, H. (1998). Interaction in distance education. Retrieved October, 20, 2004, from http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/~mcisaac/disted/week2/7focushc.html
• Chute, E. (2000). Technology creates virtual schools, giving students more options for learning. Post Gazette. Retrieved January, 20, 2004, from http://www.post- gazette.com/regionstate/20000829distance4.asp
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2000). Research methods in education.
• London: Routledge Falmer. Coopola, N. W., Hiltz, R. S., & Rotter, G. N. (2002). Becoming a virtual professor: pedagogical roles and asynchronous learning networks. Journal of Management
• Information Systems, 18(4), 169-189. Cybela, J. E. (2002). Enhancing the educational impact of distance learning experiences at local level. http://www.uwex.edu/disted/cybela.htm Retrieved June, 16,
• Duderstadt, J. J. (1997). The future of the university in an age of knowledge.
• Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 1(2), 78-88. Dutton, J., Dutton, M., & Perry, J. (2002). How do online student differ from lecture students? [Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 6(1), 1-20.
• Evans, J. R. (2001). The emerging role of the internet in marketing education: From traditional teaching to technology based education. Marketing Education Review, 11(3), 14.
• Fetterman, D. M. (1998). Ethnography. London: Sage.
• Frayer, D. A. (1999). Creating a campus culture to support a teaching and learning revolution. Journal of Cause/Effect, 22(2). Retrieved March, 15, 2003, from http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/html/cem9923.html
• Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., & Shea, P. (2000). Student satisfaction and perceived learning with online courses: Principles and examples from the SUNY learning network.
• Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 4(2), 7-41. Frey, A., Faul, A., & Yankelov, P. (2003). Student perceptions of web-assisted teaching strategies. Journal of Social Work Education, 39(3), 443-457.
• Gary, J. M. (2001). Impact of cultural and global issues on online supports groups. ERIC
• Clearinghouse on Counseling and Students Services Greensboro NC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED459378).
• Gibson, C. C. (1998). Distance learners in higher education. Madison: Atwood Publishing.
• Gibson, A., Newton, R., & Dixon, D. (1999). Supporting open and distance learners:
• Practice and policy across further and higher education libraries. Library Review, 48(5), 231. Gilbert, S. D. (2001). How to be a successful online student. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill.
• Gilroy, P., Long, P., Rangecroft, M., & Tricker, T. (2001). Evaluation and the invisible student: Theories, practice and problems in evaluating distance education provision. Quality Assurance in Education, 9(1), 14-22.
• Gold, S. (2001). A constructivist approach to online training for online teachers.
• Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(1), 57. Gomory, R. (2001). Internet learning: Is it real and what does it mean for universities? [Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 5(1), 139
• Gordon, E. (2000). Changes in technology, changes in education. Retrieved
• October, 20, 2004, from http://lionhrtpub.com/orms/orms-10-00/education.html
• Granger, D., & Benke, M. (1998). Supporting learners at a distance from inquiry through completion. In C. C. Gibson (Ed.), Distance learner in higher education:
• Institutional responses for quality outcomes (pp.127-137). Madison: Atwood Publishing. Halabi, A., Tuovinen, J., & Maxfield, J. (2002). Tele teaching accounting lectures across a multi campus: A student’s perspective. Accounting Education, 11(3), 257-270.
• Hamer, L. O. (2001). Distance learning technologies as facilitators of learning and learning-related student activities. Marketing Education Review, 11(3), 55-67.
• Harry, K. John, M., & Keegan, D. (1993). Distance education: New perspective. NewYork: Routledge.
• Hiemstra, R. (1994). Computerized distance education: The role for facilitators.
• Journal of Adult Education, 22(2), 11-23. Holmberg, B. (1995). Theory and practice of distance education. London: Routledge.
• Hron, A., & Friedrich, H. F. (2003). A review of web-based collaborative learning:
• Factors beyond technology. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19, 79. Jeffries, M. (2002). Research in distance education. Indiana Higher Education
• Telecommunication System IHETS. Retrieved February, 21, 2003, from http://www.ihets.org/consortium/ipse/fdhandbook/resrch.html
• Jick, T. D. (1983). Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. In Maanen, J. V. (Ed.), Qualitative methodology (pp. 135-147). California: Sage.
• Johannesen, T., & Eide, E. M. (2000). The role of the teacher in the age of technology: Will the role change with use of information and communication technology in education? Retrieved October, 26, 2003, from www.eurodl.org/eurodlen/recon/2000contributions.html
• Johannesen, T., & Eide, E. M. (2000). The role of the student in the age of technology: Will the role change with use of information and communication technology in education?. Retrieved October, 26, 2003, from www.eurodl.org/eurodlen/recon/2000contributions.html
• Jones, K. O., & Kelley, A. C. (2003). Teaching marketing via internet: Lessons learned and challenges to be met. Journal of Marketing Education Review, 13(1), 81-89.
• Kader, S. A., Yawkey, T. (2002). Problems and recommendations enhancing communication with culturally and linguistically diverse students. Reading Improvements, 39(1), 43-51.
• Katz, Y. J. (2002). Attitudes affecting college student’s preferences for distance learning. Journal of Computer-assisted Learning, 18, 2-9.
• Kennedy, D. (2001). New standards or old? An issue for teachers supporting distance learners. VINE, 48(122), 48-53.
• Kim, J. K., & Bonk, C. J. (2002). Cross-cultural comparisons of online collaboration.
• Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 8(1). Retrieved October, 14, 2003, from www.westga.edu/%7Edistance/ojdla/fall/mckenzie33html.
• Lawton, S. (1997). Supportive learning in distance education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25, 1076-1083.
• Loane, S. (2001).Distance education and accreditation. ERIC Clearinghouse on
• Higher Education Services. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED27992).
• Major, H., & Levenburg, N. (1999). Learner success in distance education environments: A shared responsibility. Michigan University, Illinois Online Network 1. Retrieved October, , 2003, from http://ts.mivuorg/default.asp?show=article&id=71
• Manuel, K. (2001). Teaching an online information literacy course. Reference Services Review, 29(3), 219-228.
• Marshall, P. L. (2001). Multicultural education and technology: perfect pair or odd couple? ERIC Clearinghouse on Teaching and Teacher Education Washington DC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.ED460129).
• Mathison, S. (March,1988). Why triangulate? Educational Researcher, 13-17.
• Meyer, K. (2002). Quality in distance education. San Francisco: Wiley Periodicals.
• Meyer, K. (2003). Face to face versus threaded discussions: the role of time and higher-order thinking.[Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, (3), 55-65.
• Mielke, D. (1999). Effective teaching in distance education. ERIC Clearinghouse On
• Teaching and Teacher Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED436528).
• Minoli, D. (1996). Distance learning technology and applications. Boston: Artech House.
• Misanchuk, M., & Anderson, T. (2001). Building community in an online learning environment: communication, cooperation and collaboration. Retrieved October, 20, , from http://www.mtsu.edu/~itconf/proceed01/19.html
• Molebash, P. (1999). Technology and education: current and future trends. Journal of IT, 6(1). http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/itjournal/1999/molebash.html Retrieved October, 16, 2003.
• Moore, G. M., Thompson, M. M., Quigley, B. A., Clark, G. C., & Golf, G. G. (1990). The effects of distance learning: a summary of literature. NewYork: The Pennsylvania State University.
• Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance education A system view. NewYork:
• An International Thomson Publications Company. Muirhead, W. D. (2000). Online education in schools. International Journal of
• Educational Management, 14(7), 315-324. Nasseh, B. (1997). A brief history of distance education. Retrieved February, 21, , from http://www.seniornet.org/edu/art/history.html
• Nasser, R., & Abouchedid, K. (2000). Attitudes and concerns towards distance education: The case of Lebanon. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 3(4). http://westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/winter34/nasser34.html Retrieved March, 24, 2004,
• Noakes, N. (n.d.). Developing online facilitators: beginning cascades. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Retrieved December, 12, 2003, from http://www.ugc/edu.hk/tlqprq01/site/abstracts/024_noakes2.htm
• Notar, C. E., Wilson, J. D., Restauri, S. L., & Friery, K. A. (2002). Going the distance: Active learning. Journal Education, Project Innovation, 122(4), 649(6).
• Nunan, T., George, R., & McCausland, H. (2000). Rethinking the ways in which teaching and learning are supported: The flexible learning center at the University of
• South Australia. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 22(1), 85-98. Olgren, C., H. (1998). Improving learning outcomes: the effect of learning strategies and motivation. In C. C. Gibson (Ed.), distance learner in higher education: Institutional responses for quality outcomes (pp.77-95). Madison: Atwood Publishing.
• Pallof, R. M., Pratt, K. (2003). The virtual student. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons.
• Payne, D. A. (1978). Designing educational project and program evaluations.
• Boston: Kluwer Academic Publications. Peled, A. (2000). Bringing the Internet and multimedia revolution to the classroom.
• Journal of Campus-Wide Information Systems, 17(1),16-22. Picciano, A. (2002). Beyond student perceptions: Issues of interaction, presence, and performance in an online course. [Electronic version]. Journal of Synchronous Learning Networks, 6(1), 21-40.
• Pomeroy, G. (2001). Real changes in education. Retrieved January, 20, 2004, from http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0801education.htm
• Power, C. N. (2000). Global trends in education. Journal of International Education, (3), 152-163.
• Prammanee, N. (2003). Understanding participants in online courses: A case study of perceptions of online interaction. IT Forum. Retrieved December, 12, 2003, from http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper68/paper68.html.
• Ragoonaden, K., & Bordeleau, P. (2000). Collaborative learning via Internet. Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 3(3), 361-372.
• Roblyer, M.D., & Edwards, J. (2000). Integrating educational technology into teaching. NewYork: Prentice Hall.
• Roes, H. (2001). Digital libraries. Retrieved February, 20, 2004, from http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july01/roes/07roes.html
• Rovai, A. P. (2002). Building sense of community at a distance. International review of research in open and distance learning. Retrieved April, 16, 2003, from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v3.1/rovai.html
• Salas, E., Kosarzycki, M. P., Burke, C. S., Fiore, S. M., & Stone, D. L. (2002). Emerging themes in distance learning research and practice: Some food for thought. International
• Journal of Management Reviews, 4(2), 135-153. Samolia, C., Ursuitiu, D., & Cotfas, P. (2002). E-learning, cause and effect of the balances and unbalances in the educational system modernization. Retrieved
• October, 9, 2003, from www.eurodl.org/materials/2002/17SamoilaUrsutiu.htm
• Sanchez, I., & Gunawardena, N. C. (1998). Understanding and supporting the culturally diverse distance learner. In C. C. Gibson (Ed.), Distance learner in higher education: Institutional responses for quality outcomes (pp. 47-4). Madison: Atwood Publishing.
• Schmid, M. (1998). Focus question: Distance education student. Arizona State
• University. http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/~mcisaac/disted/week2/8focusms.html Retrieved February, 21, 2003.
• Schrum, L. (2002). Dimensions and strategies for online success: voices from experienced educators. [Electronic version]. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, (1), 57-67.
• Shinjo, I. (2003). Learning multiculturalism from yesterday today & tomorrow.
• Journal of Multicultural Education. San Francisco, 10(4), 53. Shrestha, G. (1997). A perception on cultural and linguistic problems associated with distance education in developing country. Education in developing country. http://www.undp.org/info21/public/pb- pers1.html Retrieved December, 2, 2003.
• Silverman, D. (2000). Doing qualitative research. London: Sage.
• Simonson, M., Smaldino, S., Albright, M., & Zvacek, S. (2003). Teaching and learning at a distance. Columbus: Pearson Education.
• Smith, S.N., & Smith, P. J. (2000). Implications for distance education in the study approaches of different Chinese national groups. Journal of Distance Education, 15(2). http://code.athabacau.ca/vol15.2/smithsmith.html Retrieved October, 21, 2003.
• Stassen, M., Landstrom, M., & Lumpkin, R. (1998). Students’ reactions to the introduction of videoconferencing for classroom instruction. The Information Society, 14, 164.
• Taylor, R. W. (2002). Pros and cons of online learning- a faculty perspective.
• Journal of European Industrial Training, 26(1), 24-37. Thompson, M. (1998). Distance learners in higher education. In C. C. Gibson
• (Ed.), Distance learner in higher education: Institutional responses for quality outcomes (pp. 10-18). Madison: Atwood Publishing. Thorpe, M. (2002). Rethinking learner support: the challenge of collaborative online learning. Open Learning, 17(2), 105-119.
• Tsinakos, A. A., Margaritis, K. G. (2000). Students models: The transit to distance education. http://euorodl.org/eurodlen/index.html Retrieved September, 26, 2003.
• Valenta, A., Therriault, D., Dieter, M., & Mrtek, R. (2001). Identifying student attitudes and learning styles in distance education. [Electronic version]. Journal of
• Asynchronous Learning Network, 5(1), 111-127. Verma, G. K., & Mallick, K. (1999). Researching education: Perspectives and techniques. London: Falmer Press.
• Warschauer, M. (1998). Online learning in sociocultural context. Anthropology of
• Education Quarterly, 29(1), 68-88. Wilhelm, W. J. (2003). Teaching communications online using the master teacher model. Delta Pi Epsilon Journal, 45(1), 1-6.
• Wilson, T., & Whitelock, D. (1998). Monitoring the online behavior of distance learning students. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14, 91-99.
• Wolcott, H. S. (1995). The art of fieldwork. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
• Wonacott, M. E. (2001). Implications of distance education. ERIC Clearinghouse on
• Adult Career and Vocational Education Columbus OH. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED4562368).
• Woodley, A., Lange, P., & Tanewski, G. (2001). Student progress in distance education:
• Kember’s model re-visited. Open Learning, 16(2), 113-131. Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research design and methods. London: Sage.