Bozena LAGOWSKA, Katarzyna GOLAN, Katarzyna KMIEC, Izabela KOT, Edyta GORSKA DRABIK, Katarzyna GOLISZEK

The phenology of Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), a new invasive pest on ornamentals outdoors in Poland

The phenology of Pulvinaria floccifera infesting common holly was studied from June 2009 to October 2011 in Central Poland. Live specimens were most abundant on the leaves in July and August, while dead individuals were most numerous in winter and early spring each year. The scale completed one generation per year in the field and both the second and third instar nymphs overwintered. Following the spring molting to the 3rd instar or to the young adult females were observed in April and early May. The young adult females were first recorded in the second 10-day period of May. Oviposition occurred from early June, while egg hatching started in the first 10-day period of July. The second instar nymphs were first observed in the first 10-day period of August, part of them overwintered, mainly on the lower part of leaves, while some of them molted to the third instar nymphs from mid-August through September and October. The overwintering third instar nymphs appeared in late August each year. No adult males or natural enemies were observed during this study. The period of crawler activity is recommended as the optimum time for the successful control of P. floccifera and it occurs in the first 10-day period of July in Poland.

PDF

___

Abd-Rabou S, Aly N, Badary H (2012). Biological studies of the cottony camellia scale, Puvinaria floccifera (Hemiptera: Coccidae) with updating lists of host plants and natural enemies in Egypt. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci 5: 107-112.
Abd-Rabou S, Badary H, Ahmed N (2012). Control measures of two soft scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) infesting guava and mango trees in Egypt. J Bas Appl Zool 65: 55-61.
Ben-Dov Y, Hodgson CJ (1997). Collecting and mounting. In: Ben-Dov Y, Hodgson CJ, editors. World Crop Pests. Soft Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, vol. 7A. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier. pp. 389-395.
Canard M (1965). Sur quelques Pulvinariini (Homoptera, Coccoidea) du midi de la France. Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Entomology London 1964: 170.
El-Minshawy AM, Moursi K (1976). Biological studies on some soft scale insects (Hom. Coccidae) attacking guava trees in Egypt. Zeitsch Angewan Entomol 81: 363-371.
Forster B (2011). Die Kamelien-Wollschildlaus. Pflanzenschutz 113: 26.
García M, Denno B, Miller DR, Miller GL, Ben-Dov Y, Hardy NB (2015). ScaleNet: Aliterature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. [online] URL: http://scalenet.info (accessed July 2, 2015).
Gavrilov IA, Trapeznikova IV (2008). Cytogenetic studies of European Pulvinariini (Homoptera: Coccidae).Comp Cytogen 2: 131-138.
Gertsson CA (2005). New species and new province-records of scale insects from Sweden (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) up to the year 2004. Etomol tid 126: 35-42 (article in Swedish with an abstract in English).
Gertsson CA (2013). A zoogeographical analysis of the scale insect (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) fauna of Fennoscandia. Norw J Entomol 60: 81-89.
Gogiberidze AA (1938). Scale insects of humid subtropics of the Georgian SSR. Suchumi (in Russian).
Golan K, Łagowska B, Goliszek K (2010). Pulvinaria floccifera(Westwood) (Hemiptera, Coccoidea) - the invasive species of scale insects in Poland. Progr Plant Prot 50: 1687-1690 (in Polish).
Hallaji-Sani MF, Rasekh A, Golain B (2012). Biology and seasonal fluctuation of cottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria(Chloropulvinaria) floccifera (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Citrus orchards of northern Iran. J Entomol Res 4: 289-296.
Hodgson CJ, Henderson R (2000). Coccidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Fauna New Zeal 41: 1-264.
Jansen MGM (2000). The species of Pulvinaria in the Netherlands (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Entomol Ber 60: 1-11.
Kosztarab M (1996). Scale Insects of Northeastern North America. Identification, Biology, and Distribution. Martinsville, VA, USA: Virginia Museum of Natural History.
Kosztarab M, Kozár F (1988). Scale Insects of Central Europe. Budapest, Hungary: Akademiai Kiado.
Łagowska B, Golan K, Kot I, Kmieć K, Górska-Drabik E, Goliszek K (2015). Alien and invasive scale insect species in Poland and their threat to native species. Bull Insectol 68: 13-22.
Malumphy C, Badmin J (2007). The occurrence of soft scales (Coccidae) on ornamental yew Taxus baccata. Brit J Entomol Nat Hist 20: 153.
Masten Milek T, Ivezic M, Simala M (2009). The genus PulvinariaTargioni Tozzetti, 1866 (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) with special regard to Pulvinaria hydrangea Steinweden 1946 as a newly recorded species in the fauna of Croatia. Natur Croat 18: 267-278.
OConnor JP, Gertsson CA, Malumphy C (2013). A review of the Irish scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea).Irish Natur J 32: 32-44.
Pellizzari G, Germain JF (2010). Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea), pp. 475-510. In: Roques A, Kenis M, Leeds D, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Rabitsch W, Rasplus JY, Roy DB, editors. Alien Terrestrial Arthropods of Europe. Bio Risks4, Special Issue. Sofia, Bulgaria: Pensoft Publishers.
Pfeiffer DG (1997). Deciduous fruit trees, pp. 293-322. In: Ben-Dov Y, Hodgson CJ, editors. World Crop Pests. Soft Scale Insects, Their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, vol. 7B. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.
Rehaček J (1960). Fauna puklic (Coccidae) Slovenska. Biol Prace 6: 1-88.
Sakineh N, Habib A, Sirus A (2014). Spatial distribution of the cottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in the tea orchards. J Plant Prot Res 54: 44-52.
Takahashi R (1955). Pulvinaria of Japan (Coccidae, Homoptera). Kontyu 23: 148-154.
Ülgentürk S, Şahin Ö, Kaydan BM (2008). Coccoidea (Hemiptera) species on park plants in urban areas of Istanbul province. Bitki Koruma Bülteni 48: 1-18.
Williams ML, Kosztarab M (1972). Morphology and systematics of the Coccidae of Virginia with notes on their biology (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Res Divis Bull, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 74: 1-215.