The marine arthropods of Turkey

This recent checklist of marine arthropods found on the coasts of Turkey represents a total of 1531 species belonging to 7 classes: Malacostraca (766 species), Maxillopoda (437 species), Ostracoda (263 species), Pycnogonida (27 species), Arachnida (26 species), Branchiopoda (7 species), and Insecta (5 species). Seventy-five species were classified as alien species in the region. This paper also includes the first record of the amphipod Melita valesi from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Kaş, Gulf of Antalya).

The marine arthropods of Turkey

This recent checklist of marine arthropods found on the coasts of Turkey represents a total of 1531 species belonging to 7 classes: Malacostraca (766 species), Maxillopoda (437 species), Ostracoda (263 species), Pycnogonida (27 species), Arachnida (26 species), Branchiopoda (7 species), and Insecta (5 species). Seventy-five species were classified as alien species in the region. This paper also includes the first record of the amphipod Melita valesi from the Levantine coast of Turkey (Kaş, Gulf of Antalya).

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  • Ostroumoff, 1894 SESSILIA
  • Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Balanus tintinnabulum
  • Suspicious, misidentification (?)
  • Geldiay and Kocataş, 1972a
  • Verruca stroemia (O.F. Müller, 1776)
  • Suspicious, misidentification (?) Demir, 1952 CALANOIDA
  • Acartia hasanii Unal, Shmeleva & Kideys, 2002 
  • Suspicious, inadequate identification Ünal et al., 2002
  • Acartia ioannae Unal, Shmeleva & Kideys, 2002 
  • Suspicious, inadequate identification Ünal et al., 2002
  • Acartia janetae Unal, Shmeleva & Kideys, 2002 
  • Suspicious, inadequate identification
  • Ünal et al., 2002 TANAIDACEA
  • Leptognathia propontiaca (Ostroumoff, 1896)
  • Suspicious, unclear as to what species was referred to
  • Ostroumoff, 1896 CUMACEA
  • Cumella armatura Mutlu, 1990
  • Suspicious, unclear as to what species was referred to Öztürk, 1998 ISOPODA
  • Armadilloniscus littoralis Budde-Lund, 1885
  • A terrestrial species that can be found in the supralittoral
  • Geldiay and Kocataş, 1972b; Kırkım et al.,
  • 2005; Kırkım et al., 2006; Sezgin and Aydemir Çil, 2010
  • Bat et al., 2000; Kırkım et al., 2005; Kırkım et al., 2006
  • Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 
  • Considered as freshwater species
  • Cymothoa oestrum (Linnaeus, 1758) Demir, 1952
  • Halophiloscia couchii (Kinahan, 1858)
  • A terrestrial species that can be found in the supralittoral
  • Kırkım et al., 2006; Sezgin and Aydemir Çil, 2010
  • Sphaeroma granulata Milne Edwards,1840
  • Suspicious, unclear as to what species was referred to Ostroumoff, 1894
  • Tylos europaeus Arcangeli, 1938 
  • A terrestrial species that can be found in supralittoral
  • Geldiay and Kocataş, 1972a; Bakır and Çevirgen, 2010
  • Geldiay and Kocataş, 1972b; Geldiay et al.,
  • 1977; Kocataş and Katağan, 1983; Kırkım et
  • al., 2005; Kırkım et al., 2006 supralittoral AMPHIPODA
  • Amphilochoides longimanus (Chevreux, 1888) 
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978
  • Byblis gaimardii (Krİyer, 1846)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Ostroumoff, 1894
  • Caprella linearis Linnaeus, 1767
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Kocataş, 1976b
  • Crassicorophium bonellii (Milne Edwards, 1830)
  • There are records from Black Sea but
  • suspicious, confirmation needed
  • Ostroumoff, 1894; Kocataş and Katağan, 1980;
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1980; Öztürk, 1998;
  • Sezgin and Katağan, 2007
  • Crassicorophium crassicorne Bruzelius, 1859
  • There are records from Black Sea but
  • suspicious, confirmation needed Sowinsky, 1897
  • Cryptorchestia cavimana (Heller, 1865) 
  • Suspicious, the specimens may belong to
  • Cryptorchestia garbinii
  • Sezgin et al., 2001, Bakır, 2012
  • Elasmopus gracilis Schellenberg, 1938
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978 Elasmopus steinitzi Ruffo, 1959
  • Suspicious, no record for existence, confirmation needed
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978
  • Elasmopus crassimana (Miers, 1884)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Geldiay and Kocataş, 1972a
  • Gammarellus homari (Fabricius 1779)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Demir, 1952
  • Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Sowinsky, 1897; Ostroumoff, 1894
  • Gammarus marinus Leach, 1815 
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Sowinsky, 1897
  • Iphimedia jugoslavica G. Karaman, 1975
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978
  • Laetmatophilus tuberculatus Bruzelius, 1859
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Sowinsky, 1897
  • Leucothoe crassimana Kossmann, 1880
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Sowinsky, 1897
  • Medicorophium affine (Bruzelius, 1859)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sowinsky, 1897; Mutlu and Ergev, 2008
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Megaluropus agilis Hoeck, 1889
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Suspicious, specimens may belong to
  • Microprotopus longimanus Chevreux, 1997
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed
  • Mutlu and Ergev, 2013
  • Microdeutopus longimanus
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978
  • Microdeutopus damnoniensis (Bate, 1856) Kocataş, 1978
  • Monocorophium cylindricum (Say, 1818) Caspers, 1968
  • Gammaropsis nitida (Stimpson, 1853)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed Sowinsky, 1897
  • Parhyale explorator Arresti, 1989 
  • Misidentification, specimens belong to
  • Ptilohyale plumicornis (Heller, 1866) Bakır et al., 2008
  • Pontocrates arcticus G.O. Sars, 1895
  • Pontocrates arenarius (Bate, 1858)
  • Pontocrates arenarius (Bate, 1858)
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978
  • Proboloides gregaria (G.O. Sars, 1882)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Socarnes erythrophthalmus Robertson, 1892
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Kocataş and Katağan, 1978; Mutlu and Ergev, 2013
  • Stenogammarus deminutus (Stebbing, 1906)
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed Öztürk, 1998
  • Tryphosella dilatata (Chevreux, 1903)
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed Doğan et al., 2005
  • Tryphosella simillima Ruffo, 1985
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed Sezgin, 2003 DECAPODA
  • Alpheus edwardsii (Audouin, 1826) Alpheus audouini (Coutière, 1905)
  • Alpheus crassimanus Heller, 1865
  • Alpheus inopinatus Holthuis and Göttlieb, 1958
  • Galil et al., 2002; Özcan et al., 2008
  • Alpheus lobidens De Haan, 1849
  • Geldiay 1969; Geldiay and Kocataş, 1973;
  • Kocataş, 1981a; Kocataş and Katağan, 1994
  • Anapagurus hyndmanni (Bell, 1845)
  • Suspicious, no record from Mediterranean
  • Sea, confirmation needed
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed, specimens
  • may belong to Atergatis roseus (Rüppell,
  • 1830), Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775), or Xantho spp.
  • Mutlu and Ergev, 2008
  • Cancer pagurus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Devedjian, 1926; Eryılmaz, 1997; Gökalp,
  • 2011; Keskin and Atar, 2013 Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) 
  • Misidentification, specimens may belong to
  • Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847
  • Ostroumoff, 1894; Ostroumoff, 1896;
  • Devedjian, 1926; Mater and Kocataş, 1967; Doğan et al., 2008
  • Geryon trispinosus (Herbst, 1803) 
  • Geryon tridens Krİyer, 1837 
  • Ostroumoff, 1896; Müller, 1986
  • Liocarcinus holsatus (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Portunus lividus Leach, 1814
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed
  • Ostroumoff, 1896; Ostroumoff, 1894; Müller,
  • 1986; Bilgin and Çelik, 2004
  • Liocarcinus navigator rondeletii (Risso, 1816)
  • Liocarcinus rondeletii (Risso, 1816)
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed
  • Bilgin and Çelik, 2004
  • Mithrax verrucosus H. Milne Edwards, 1832
  • Misidentification, specimens may belong to
  • Eriphia verrucosa (Forskål, 1775) Ostroumoff, 1896
  • Myra fugax (Fabricius, 1798) 
  • Misidentification, specimens may belong to
  • Myra subgranulata Kossmann, 1877
  • Kocataş, 1981a; Enzenross and Enzenross,
  • 1987; Enzenross et al., 1990; Kocataş and Katağan, 1994
  • Necora puber (Linnaeus, 1767)
  • Suspicious, misidentification (?), confirmation needed
  • Misidentification, specimens may belong to
  • Paractaea rufopunctata (H. Milne Edwards, 1834)
  • Misidentification, specimens may belong to
  • Carcinus aestuarii Nardo, 1847
  • Devedjian, 1926; Keskin and Atar, 2013
  • Paractaea monodi Guinot, 1969
  • Holthuis and Gottlieb, 1956
  • Pilumnus aestuarii Nardo, 1869  Kocataş, 1981a
  • Pilumnus inermis A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1894 
  • Misidentification, specimens belong to
  • Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761)
  • Bakır and Katağan, 2005
  • Pisa corallina (Risso, 1816)
  • Accepted name is Pisa hirticornis (Herbst, 1804)
  • Ostroumoff, 1896; Balkıs, 2003; Kocataş, 1981a
  • Processa robusta Nouvel and Holthuis, 1957
  • Suspicious, misidentification (?), confirmation needed
  • Mutlu and Ergev, 2013
  • Sergestes arachnipodus (Cocco, 1832)
  • Misidentification, specimens belong to
  • Eusergestes arcticus (Krİyer, 1855) Ostroumoff, 1896
  • Sirpus ponticus Verestchaka, 1989 
  • Misspelled, specimens belong to Sirpus
  • zariquieyi Gordon, 1953
  • Gönlügür-Demirci, 2006
  • Thalamita sima H. Milne Edwards, 1834
  • Suspicious, misidentification (?), confirmation needed Ostroumoff, 1896
  • Urocaridella antonbruunii (Bruce, 1967)
  • Misidentification, specimens belong to
  • Urocaridella pulchella Yokeş and Galil, 2006
  • Yokeş and Galil, 2004; Gökalp, 2011
  • Xantho floridus (Montagu, 1808)
  • Suspicious, confirmation needed
  • Ninni, 1923; Demir, 1952; Balkıs, 1992
  • Results and discussion 3.1. New record
  • Melita valesi Karaman, 1955 (Figures 1A and 1B)
  • Material. – 7 ind., 2.5–3.0 mm, Levantine coast, Kaş,
  • 36°11′52″N, 29°38′19″E, 23 m, muddy sand, S: 39.23‰,
  • T: 83 °C, DO: 6.64 mg/L, Van Veen grab, 07.09.2011 – 4
  • ind., 8 mm, Levantine coast, Gulf of Antalya, 36°25′36″N,
  • 32°08′36″E, 21 m, gravel and sand, S: 39.24‰, T: 28.41 °C,
  • DO: 24 mg/L, Van Veen grab, 09.09.2011.
  • Diagnosis. Eyes weakly developed. Antenna 1 peduncle
  • with 3 articles. First and second segments of antenna 1 are
  • equal, third is shorter. Flagellum with 9 articles. Accessory flagellum present with 2 articles. Urosome segments without dorsal teeth. Fewer uropod 3 marginal spines than in the other species in the genus (Figure 1B).
  • Distribution. Western Mediterranean (Karaman, 1978),
  • Adriatic Sea (Karaman, 1955) Aegean Sea (Stefanidou,
  • 1996), Levantine coast of Turkey (present study).
  • Geographical distribution of the species
  • The present work revealed the presence of 1531 marine
  • arthropod species along the Turkish coasts (Table 1; Figure
  • 2). The majority of the species belonged to the classes of
  • Malacostraca (766 species), Maxillopoda (437 species),
  • and others are given in Table 2.
  • The taxonomic position of Artemia species occurring
  • in Turkish waters is uncertain. The specimens identified
  • as Artemia salina or A. parthenogenetica from Çamaltı
  • (İzmir) and Ayvalık (Balıkesir) salterns (Uçal and Ergen,
  • 1994; Başbuğ, 1995; Koray, 1998) have been proven to
  • have only parthenogenetic populations (Abatzopoulos et
  • al., 2002). Therefore, specimens from the region should be
  • cited as “parthenogenetic Artemia populations” or Artemia
  • sp., and DNA analysis is required to clear the identity of
  • the Artemia species in Turkey.
  • The most comprehensive study on marine Arachnida
  • species was conducted by Bartsch (2004) in the Sea of
  • Marmara, who described 7 new species and provided a
  • checklist of the species reported from the area.
  • Nebalia bipes (Fabricius, 1780) was reported by many
  • researchers from the Aegean coast of Turkey (Geldiay and
  • Kocataş, 1972a; Koçak et al., 1999; Bakır and Katağan, 2005;
  • Aydın et al., 2007; Doğan et al., 2008). On the other hand,
  • the distribution of Nebalia bipes was restricted by Dahl
  • (1985) to Arctic latitudes. Moreira et al. (2012) indicated
  • that most of specimens of Leptostraca in older studies
  • in the Mediterranean Sea were ascribed to Nebalia bipes.
  • Another indication for this is that the specimens of Nebalia
  • bipes from Cyprus identified by Kocataş et al. (2001) were
  • actually Nebalia strausi (Koçak et al., 2007). According to
  • the information above, the presence of Nebalia bipes on the
  • Turkish coasts is suspicious and reexamination is required.
  • Many amphipod species reported from the Turkish
  • coasts in previous studies were questionable, because
  • their distribution ranges were known to be outside the
  • Mediterranean Sea. For example, the specimens identified
  • as Parhyale explorator Arresti, 1989 by Bakır et al. (2008)
  • from the Levantine coast were reexamined by Bakır et al.
  • (2013), who realized that they in fact belonged to Ptilohyale
  • plumicornis (Heller, 1866). Another questionable species
  • is Cryptorchestia cavimana (Heller, 1865), which was
  • originally described from the mountains of Cyprus at
  • 1250 m (see Ruffo et al., 2014). Specimens that were
  • identified as C. cavimana from the supralittoral zone of
  • the Mediterranean Sea, Central Europe, and England were
  • proven to actually belong to a new species, Cryptorchestia
  • garbinii (Ruffo et al., 2014).
  • Newman and Ross (1976) stated that the records of
  • Balanus crenatus in the Mediterranean are questionable.
  • Among the Verruca species, only Verruca spengleri exists
  • in the Mediterranean (Young et al., 2003), and therefore
  • the report of V. stroemia from the Sea of Marmara by
  • Demir (1952) was considered as V. spengleri (Beşir and Çınar, 2012)
  • Figure 2. The number of marine arthropod species along the Turkish coasts (ARA: Arachnida, PYC: Pycno
  • gonida, BRA: Branchiopoda, MAX: Maxillopoda, OST: Ostracoda, MAL: Malacostraca, INS: Insecta).
  • Figure 3. Timeline of the species records along the Turkish coasts.
  • According to Gubanova et al. (2014), the descriptions
  • and drawings of 3 Acartia species (Acartia hasanii
  • Ünal, Shmeleva & Kideys, 2002; Acartia ioannae Ünal,
  • Shmeleva & Kideys, 2002; Acartia janetae Ünal, Shmeleva
  • & Kideys, 2002) described from the northeast Levantine
  • Sea (Turkey) by Ünal et al. (2002) are also questionable,
  • as they drew only the fifth pair of legs, which could
  • belong to any member of the family Acartiidae that is
  • in the copepodid stage. These species are therefore not
  • included in the list.
  • Wittmann and Ariani (2012) indicated that Diamysis
  • bahirensis (G.O. Sars, 1877) (marked with question mark
  • in the list) reported by Katağan (1983, 1985) from İzmir
  • Bay might be in fact Diamysis cymodoceae. Although
  • D. bahirensis occurs in the SW Mediterranean, Canal of
  • Sicily, and Ionian coast of Sicily, D. cymodoceae is the most
  • common Diamysis species in the shallow coastal waters of
  • the eastern Mediterranean.
  • There is confusion about the existence of some Xantho
  • species on the Turkish coasts. Xantho granulicarpus was
  • erroneously reported as X. floridus from an İstanbul fish
  • market by Ninni (1923). Demir (1952) also determined
  • this species as X. floridus on rocky substrata in the Sea
  • of Marmara. Müller (1986) revealed that the specimens
  • identified as X. floridus by Ninni (1923) and Demir (1952)
  • in fact belonged to X. granulicarpus. Afterwards, Kocataş
  • (1971, 1981a) reported X. granulicarpus from the Aegean
  • and Mediterranean coasts. Reuschel and Schubart (2006)
  • revised the Xantho species in the Mediterranean and concluded that only X. hydrophilus (Herbst, 1790), X. poressa, and X. pilipes occurred in the Mediterranean Sea. They also indicated that X. incisus Leach, 1814 is a junior synonym of X. hydrophilus and that the taxonomic status of X. hydrophilus granulicarpus, which was described by Forest (in Drach and Forest 1953), is doubtful.
  • Cancer pagurus Linnaeus, 1758 and Carcinus maenas
  • (Linnaeus, 1758), which are economically and ecologically
  • important species, appear to have been misidentified from
  • the Turkish coasts. Cancer pagurus has high economic
  • value throughout the northeast Atlantic from Norway in
  • the north to northern Africa in the south (Sunnanå, 2008).
  • There are several, but mostly old, records of this species
  • from the north coast of the Mediterranean (Pesta, 1918;
  • Zariquiey-Alvarez, 1968). Devedjian (1926) mentioned
  • this species in Turkey and its catching methods and some
  • ecological features, but did not provide any information
  • about where it was caught. Eryılmaz (1997) and Keskin
  • and Atar (2013) also reported this species from the Sea
  • of Marmara and Black Sea, respectively. However, no
  • specimen was deposited in collections by the authors,
  • which would have allowed these records to be confirmed.
  • The photograph of Cancer pagurus from Bodrum (Aegean
  • Sea) provided by Gökalp (2011) in fact was Atergatis
  • roseus. Thus, the presence of this species on the coasts of Turkey is doubtful.
  • Carcinus maenas is native to the northeast Atlantic
  • Ocean and is one of the most common crabs in the region.
  • The Lessepsian immigrant Portunus segnis (Forskål,
  • 1775) was reported from the Aegean (Yokeş et al., 2007)
  • and Levantine (Gruvel, 1928) coasts of Turkey. Altuğ et
  • al. (2011) reported this species from the Sea of Marmara.
  • However, there was no statement regarding this important
  • record of P. segnis except the species list. The presence
  • of P. segnis in Sea of Marmara is suspicious and needs confirmation.
  • Kocataş et al. (2000) mentioned that a total of 901
  • arthropod species (only Crustacea and Pycnogonida) were
  • reported from the Turkish coasts. It was outlined that the
  • Aegean Sea coast had the highest number of crustacean
  • species (465 species), followed by the Levantine coast
  • (226 species), the Turkish Strait System (174 species), and
  • the Black Sea coast (75 species). In the present study, the
  • number of crustacean species has increased several times
  • higher compared to the study by Kocataş et al. (2000).
  • Besides crustaceans, there were only 10 pycnogonid
  • species reported by Kocataş et al. (2000) from the Aegean
  • and Levantine coasts. In the present study, the number
  • of Pycnogonida species increased to 27. In addition, the
  • present study lists 26 arachnid species reported from the
  • Turkish marine waters.
  • Most of the arthropod species (57%) in Table 1 were
  • reported to live on soft substrata including phanerogams.
  • The number of species that prefer hard substrata is almost
  • equal to the number of pelagic species (19.4% and 18.6%,
  • respectively). The parasitic species are lowest in number
  • (5%). In addition to these, there are some species living
  • on special habitats, such as Chelura terebrans and Limnoria
  • spp., which bore tunnels in submerged woods. Podocerus
  • chelonophilus lives on the shell, under the tail, or at the
  • base of the legs of sea turtles. Isaea montagui lives as
  • a commensal of Maja spp. on the carapace and in their
  • branchial chambers. Specimens of Isaea montagui (see
  • Table 1) have been found on Maja goltziana d’Oliveira, 1888 (Figure 5).
  • A total of 1061 arthropod species were found in the
  • shallow-water benthic and pelagic environments (0–10 m).
  • However, only the ostracods Bathycythere vanstraateni and
  • Macrocypris ligustica, the leptostracan Nebalia abyssicola,
  • and the decapods Dorhynchus thomsoni, Gennadas elegans,
  • Geryon longipes, Gnathophyllum elegans, Monodaeus
  • guinotae, Munida tenuimana, Plesionika acanthonotus,
  • P. martia, and Richardina fredericii were encountered at
  • depths of deeper than 600 m (Figure 6).
  • A total of 75 alien species have been reported from
  • the coasts of Turkey, of which 65 species were found on
  • the Levantine coast of Turkey, especially in İskenderun
  • Bay, due to its proximity to the Suez Canal. A total of 6
  • areas in the bays of İskenderun, Mersin, and Antalya were
  • represented by the highest number of alien species (13–18
  • species per grid). Two Lessepsian immigrants, Penaeus
  • semisulcatus and Erugosquilla massavensis, have expanded
  • their distributional ranges to the Sea of Marmara. The
  • alien species reported on the Black Sea coast of Turkey
  • Depth raanges (m) > 6000
  • Figure 6. Distribution of the number of species according to depth.
  • In conclusion, many faunistic studies have been
  • conducted along the coasts of Turkey. However, some
  • habitats (i.e. coralligenous) and depths (deep water)
  • remain largely unexplored. Understanding of the diversity
  • of marine arthropods will undoubtedly increase if more
  • scientific efforts are performed in less studied areas and habitats.
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