Haematopoiesis in the European common toad Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758): new methodological insights to study general, seasonal, and sexual haematopoietic distribution and maturation pattern
Peripheral blood and haematopoiesis in bone marrow and liver tissue were investigated in Bufo bufo during the sexual cycle. A combined touch and imprinting tissue method were applied for the haematopoietic cell isolation. The liver is the primary site of erythropoiesis and partial lymphopoiesis. There was a positive correlation between body mass and liver mass, but it was not significant (P > 0.05). The primary role of yellow bone marrow is the maturation of haematopoietic cells, while red bone marrow is responsible for the production of blood cells. The largest surface, and therefore the largest dimensions, was established for erythrocytes. Significant differences in the number of leukocytes and their size were established between males and females (P < 0.05). Small numbers of leukocytes but very large cells were characteristic for females. The highest percentages of leukocytes were for lymphocytes and eosinophils. The reproductive period showed significant impact on the haematopoietic intensity in the bone marrow and liver, resulting in changes in peripheral blood, regarding the ratio of mature blood cells.
___
- Allender MC, Fry MM (2008). Amphibian haematology. Vet Clin
North Am Exot Anim Pract 11: 463-480.
- Arıkan H (1989). Investigation on Rana ridibunda (Anura, Ranidae)
population aspect of blood cells. Turk J Zool 13: 54-59.
Arıkan H, Atatür MK, Tosunoğlu M (2003). A study on the blood
cells of the Caucasus frog, Pelodytes caucasicus. Zool Middle
East 30: 43-47.
- Arıkan H, Çiçek K (2011). Morphology of peripheral blood cells
from various species of Turkish herpetofauna. Acta Herpetol
5: 179-198.
- Arikan H, Çiçek K (2014). Haematology of amphibians and reptiles:
a review. North-Western J Zool 10: 190-209.
- Arıkan H, Keskin NA, Çevik İE, Erişmiş UC (2010). A study on the
blood cells of Anatolian and Thracian populations of the firebellied
toad, Bombina bombina L. (Anura: Bombinatoridae).
An Biol 60: 61-68.
- Arıkan H, Kumlutaş Y, Türkozan O, Baran İ, Ilgaz Ç (2004). The
morphology and size of blood cells of some viperid snakes
from Turkey. Amphibia-Reptilia 25: 465-470.
- Atatür MK, Arıkan H, Çevik DE (1999). Erythrocyte sizes of some
Anurans from Turkey. Turk J Zool 23: 111-114.
- Beebee TJC, Griffiths RA (2005). The amphibian decline crisis: a
watershed for conservation biology? Biol Cons 125: 271-285.
Campbell TW (1998). Interpretation of the reptilian blood profile.
Exotic Pet Pract 3: 33-36.
- Campbell TW (2004). Hematology of amphibians. In: Thrall MA,
editor. Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry.
Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, pp.
291-297.
- Collins JP, Storfer A (2003). Global amphibian declines: sorting the
hypotheses. Divers and Distrib 9: 89-98.
- Curtis SK, Cowden RR, Nagel JW (1979). Ultrastructure of the bone
marrow of the salamander Plethodon glutinosus (Caudata:
Plethodontisae). J Morphol 159: 151-184.
- Das M, Mahapatra PK (2014). Hematology of wild caught dubois’s
tree frog Polypedates teraiensis, Dubois, 1986 (Anura:
Rhacophoridae). Sci World J 3: 415-491.
- Forzán MJ, Vanderstiche RV, Ogbuah CT, Barta JR, Smith TG
(2012). Blood collection from the facial (maxillary)/musculocutaneous
vein in true frogs (Family Ranidae). J Wild Dis 48:
176-180.
- Frye FL (1991). Hematology as applied to clinical reptile medicine.
In: Frye FL editor. Biomedical and Surgical Aspect of Captive
Reptile Husbandry. Malabar, FL, USA: Krieger Publishing Co.,
pp. 209-280.
- Glomski CA Tamburlin J, Hard R (1997). The phylogenetic odyssey
of the erythrocyte. IV. The amphibians. Histol Histopathol 12:
147-170.
- Heatley JJ, Johnson M (2009). Clinical technique: amphibian
hematology: a practitioner’s guide. J Exot Pet Med 18: 14-19.
- Henry M, Charlemagne J (1980). Morphological differentiation,
multiplication, migration and lysis of thymocytes in the
urodele Pleurodeles waltlii. Embryol Exp Morph 57: 219-232.
- Hutchison HV, Szarski H (1965). Number of erythrocytes in some
amphibians and reptiles. Copeia 3: 373-375.
- Johansson PH, Kylin H, Merila J (2006). Toxicology of six pesticides
to common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles. Environ Toxicol
Chem 12: 3164-3170.
- Mader DR (2000). Normal hematology of Reptiles. In: Feldman
BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors. Veterinary Hematology.
Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, pp.
1126-1132.
- Moustafa Y, Chibon P (1982). Thymic cell populations in amphibia:
quantitative study of the growth, stability, and regression of the
cell populations in the thymus of the new Pleurodeles waltlii
Michah. Wilehm Roux Arch Dev Biol 191: 309-319.
- Prosser CL, Weinstein JF (1950). Comparison of blood volume in
animals with open and closed circulatory systems. Physiol
Zool 23: 113-124.
- Rowe CL, Hopkins WA, Bridges C (2003). Physiological ecology
of amphibians in relation to susceptibility to natural and
anthropogenic factors. In: Linder G, Krest S, Sparling DW,
editors. Amphibian Decline: An Integrated Analysis of Multiple
Stressor Effects. Pensacola, FL, USA: SETAC Press, pp. 9-58.
- Saint GMC (1970). Morphology of the circulating blood cells.
In: Gans C, Parsons TS, editors. Biology of Reptilia (Vol. 3).
London, UK: Academic Press, pp. 73-91.
- Seaman DA, Guglielmo CG, Williams TD (2005). Effects of
physiological state, mass change and diet on plasma metabolite
profiles in the western sandpiper Calidris mauri. J Exp Biol
208: 761-769.
- Selleri P, Divers SJ (2006). Renal diseases of reptiles. Vet Clin North
America, Exot Anim Pract 9: 161-174.
- Stephan F (1954). Morphologie générale du system circulatoire. In:
Grasse PP, editor. Traité de Zoologie. Paris, France: Mason, pp.
854-973.
- Strik NI, Alleman AR, Harr KE (2007). Circulating inflammatory
cells. In: Jacobson ER, editor. Infectious diseases and pathology
of reptiles color atlas and text. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC
Press, pp. 167-218.
- Suthirote M, Noppadon K, Jirarach K (2016). Hematology of wild
caught Hoplobatrachus rugulosus in Northern Thailand. Asian
Herpetol Res 7: 131-138.
- Sykes JM, Klaphake E (2008). Reptile Hematology. Veterinary Clinics
of North America: Exotic Anim Practice 11: 481-500.
- Szarski H, Czopek G (1966). Erythrocyte diameter in some
amphibians and reptiles. Bull Polish Acad Sci Biol 14: 433-437.
- Turner RJ (1988). Amphibians. In: Rowley AF, Ratcliffe NA, editors.
Vertebrate Blood Cells. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, pp. 129-209.
- Valbona A, Mihallaq Q, Earta N (2014). Haematological and
morphological effect of copper sulfate on the larval
development of green toad, Bufo viridis. 4th International
Conference of Ecosystems, 4–5 September 2014, Illinois, USA,
pp. 734-743.
- Vernberg JF (1955). Hematological studies on salamanders in
relation to their ecology. Herpetol 11: 129-133.