Zeynep DENGİZ BALTA, Süleyman AKHAN, Fikri BALTA

The physiological stress response to acute thermal exposure in Black Sea trout ( Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1814)

In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute stress responses of Black Sea trout to acute thermal fluctuations. Black Sea trout (184.22 g mean weight) were transferred from a private trout farm to a research center and restocked in a fiberglass square tank. After acclimation to culture conditions (at a water temperature of 15 °C) for 2 weeks, the fish in the experiment were exposed to 25 °C water temperature for 30 min, and the stress responses of the fish were examined at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. After acute thermal shock, cortisol and glucose levels increased during the first hour in the experimental group. However, cortisol and glucose levels returned to their normal values after 6 and 36 h, respectively. Lysozyme activity decreased at 3 h and rose to its normal level at 12 h after the experiment. Total protein and serum ion concentrations were also affected and fluctuated due to acute thermal stress. Short-term acute thermal exposure also caused a serum ionic imbalance in the trout, but homeostasis was restored at 72 h.

Keywords:

Black Sea trout, plasma cortisol glucose, lysozyme activity, total protein and ion concentrations,

PDF

___

Okumuş I, Kurtoğlu IZ, Atasaral Ş. General overview of Turkish sea trout ( Salmo trutta L.). In: Harris G, Milner N, editors. Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. pp. 115-127.
Akhan S , Sonay FD , Okumus I , Köse Ö, Yandi I. Inter-specific hybridization between Black Sea trout ( Salmo labrax Palas, 1814) and rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1972) . Aquac Res 2011; 42: 1632-1634.
Aksungur M, Zengin M, Tabak İ, Aksungur N, Alkan A. Migration characteristics of the Black Sea trout ( Salmo trutta labrax , Pallas, 1814) in the Eastern Black Sea coasts and streams. Turk J Fish Aquat Sc 2011; 11: 623-630.
Murchie KJ, Cooke SJ, Danylchuk AJ, Danylchuk SE, Goldberg TL, Suski CD, Philipp DP. Thermal biology of bonefish ( Albula vulpes ) in Bahamian coastal waters and tidal creeks: an integrated laboratory and field study. J Therm Biol 2011; 36: 38-48.
Portz DE, Woodley CM, Cech JJ. Stress-associated impacts of short-term holding on fishes. Rev Fish Biol Fisher 2006; 16: 125-170.
Chung KS. Critical thermal maxima and acclimation rate of the tropical guppy Poecilla reticulata . Hydrobiologia 2001; 462: 253-257.
Barton BA. Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr Comp Biol 2002; 42: 517-525.
Wendelaar Bonga SE. The stress response in fish. Physiol Rev 1997; 77: 591-625.
Quigley JT, Hinch SG. Effects of rapid experimental temperature increases on acute physiological stress and behavior of stream dwelling juvenile Chinook salmon. J Therm Biol 2006; 31: 429- 441.
Meka JM, McCormick SD. Physiological response of wild rainbow trout to angling: impact of angling duration, fish size, body condition, and temperature. Fish Res 2005; 72: 311-322.
Steinhausen MF, Sandblom E, Eliason EJ, Verhille C, Farrell AP. The effect of acute temperature increases on the cardiorespiratory performance of resting and swimming sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ). J Exp Biol 2008; 211: 3915-3926.
Lyytikäinen T, Pylkkö P, Ritola O, Lindström-Seppä P. The effect of acute stress and temperature on plasma cortisol and ion concentrations and growth of Lake Inari Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus . Environ Biol Fish 2002; 64: 195-202.
Burton RF. Ionic regulation in fish: the influence of acclimation temperature on plasma composition and apparent set points. Comp Biochem Phys A 1986; 85: 23-28.
McDonald G, Milligan L. Ionic, osmotic and acid-base regulation in stress. In: Iwama GK, Pickering AD, Sumpter JP, Schreck CB, editors. Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1997. pp. 119- 144.
Engstad RE, Robertson B, Frivold E. Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish Shellfish Immunol 1992; 2: 287-297.
Wydoski RS, Wedemeyer GA, Nelson NC. Physiological response to hooking stress in hatchery and wild rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ). T Am Fish Soc 1976; 105: 601-606.
King W, Buckley LJ, Berlinsky DL. Effect of acclimation temperature on the acute stress response in juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., and haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus L. Aquac Res 2006; 37: 1685-1693 .
Mommsen TP, Vijayan MM, Moon TW. Cortisol in teleosts: dynamics, mechanisms of action, and metabolic regulation. Rev Fish Biol Fisher 1999; 9: 211-268.
Pottinger TG, Mosuwe E. The corticosteroidogenic response of brown trout and rainbow trout alevins and fry to environmental stress during a “critical period”. Gen Comp Endocr 1994; 95: 350-362.
Iwama GK, Afonso LOB, Vijayan MM. Stress in fishes. In: Evans DH, Claiborne JB, editors. The Physiology of Fishes. 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL, USA: Taylor and Francis; 2006. pp. 319- 342.
Strange RJ, Schreck CB, Golden JT. Corticoid stress responses to handling and temperature in salmonids. T Am Fish Soc 1977; 106: 213-218.
Thomas RE, Gharrett JA, Carls MG, Rice SD, Moles A, Korn S. Effects of fluctuating temperature on mortality, stress, and energy reserves of juvenile Coho salmon. T Am Fish Soc 1986; 115: 52-59.
Perez-Casanova JC, Afonso LOB, Johnson SC, Currie S, Gamperl AK. The stress and metabolic responses of juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. to acute thermal challenge. J Fish Biol 2008; 72: 899-916.
Yada T, Muto K, Azuma T, Ikuta K. Effects of prolactin and growth hormone on plasma levels of lysozyme and ceruloplasmin in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Phys C 2006; 139: 57-63.
Möck A, Peters G. Lysozyme activity in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), stressed by handling, transport and water pollution. J Fish Biol 1990; 37: 873-885.
Hutchinson T, Manning M. Seasonal trends in serum lysozyme activity and total protein concentration in dab ( Limanda limanda L.) sampled from Lyme Bay, U.K. Fish Shellfish Immun 1996; 6: 473-482.
Kubilay A, Uluköy G. The effects of acute stress on rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Turk J Zool 2002; 26: 249-254.
Biswas AK, Seoka M, Takii K, Maita M, Kumai H. Stress response of red sea bream Pagrus major to acute handling and chronic photoperiod manipulation. Aquaculture 2002; 252: 566-572.
Prosser CL, Mackay W, Kato K. Osmotic and ionic concentrations in some Alaskan fish and goldfish from different temperatures. Physiol Zool 1970; 43: 81-89.
Laurent P, Perry SF. Effects of cortisol on gill chloride cell morphology and ionic uptake in the freshwater trout. Cell Tissue Res 1970; 250: 429-442.