The Effects of Dietary Lead Exposure and Ascorbic Acid on Performance, Lipid Peroxidation Status and Biochemical Parameters of Broilers

Lead is one of the ubiquitous environmental pollutants that induce a broad range of physiological and biochemical dysfunctions in animals. This study evaluated the effects of dietary lead exposure and ascorbic acid on performance, serum biochemical parameters, plasma malondialdehyde and lead accumulation in broiler chickens. For this purpose, lead acetate at 200 mg/kg and ascorbic acid at 100 mg/kg were added to the diet alone or in combination for 42 days. A total of 120 broiler chicks were divided into 4 treatment groups: control, ascorbic acid, lead, and lead + ascorbic acid. By the end of the study, lead caused body weight and body weight gain to decrease significantly, although its effects on feed consumption and the feed conversion ratio were not significant. While lead did not alter the serum lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase activities or albumin or total protein concentrations, it increased malondialdehyde (P < 0.001) and triglyceride (P < 0.01) levels. Although the lead contents of the serum and muscle were unchanged, lead was accumulated in the liver and kidneys (P < 0.001). Our results showed that lead (200 mg/kg diet) had an inhibitory effect on the growth of broilers and appeared to be inducing lipid peroxidation. The addition of ascorbic acid to the diet reduced the plasma malondialdehyde levels induced by lead and tended to reduce the inhibitory effect of lead on growth. It is concluded that the addition of higher doses of ascorbic acid to the diet may be more efficacious in fully reversing the negative effect of lead on growth.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Broilers, lead, ascorbic acid, performance, biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation

The Effects of Dietary Lead Exposure and Ascorbic Acid on Performance, Lipid Peroxidation Status and Biochemical Parameters of Broilers

Keywords:

Broilers, lead, ascorbic acid, performance, biochemical parameters, lipid peroxidation,

PDF

___

McDowell, L.S.: Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc, California. 1992; 361-364. 2. Gurer, H., Ercal, N.: Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning. Free Radical Bio. Med., 2000; 29: 927-945. 3. Demichele, S.J.: Nutrition of lead. Comp. Biochem. Phys. Part A: Physiology, 1984; 78, 401-408. 4. Ercal, N., Gurer-Orhan, H., Aykin-Burns, N.: Toxic metals and oxidative stress. Part I: Mechanisms involved in metal-induced oxidative damage. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2001; 1: 529-539. 5.
Humphreys, D.J.: Effects of exposure to excessive quantities of
lead on animals. Br. Vet. J., 1991; 147: 18-30. 6.
Mertz, W.: Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition. 5th
Ed. Academic Press Inc., Florida, 1986; 281-307. 7.
Heaney, R.P.: Lead in calcium supplements. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 2000; 284: 1432-1433. 8.
Donaldson, W.E.: Interactions of dietary lead with fish oil and
antioxidant in chicks. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1991; 31: 215-222. 9. Yiin, S., Lin, T.H.: Lead-catalyzed peroxidation of essential unsaturated fatty acid. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 1995; 50: 167- 172.
Galaris, D., Evangelou, A.: The role of oxidative stress in mechanisms of metal-induced carcinogenesis. Crit. Rev. Oncol. / Hemat., 2001; 42: 93-103.
Carr, A., Frei, B. : Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? FASEB J., 1999; 13: 1007-1024.
Kucuk, O., Sahin, N., Sahin, K., Gursu, M.F., Gulcu, F., Ozcelik, M., Issi, M.: Egg production, egg quality, and lipid peroxidation status in laying hens maintained at a low ambient temperature (6 ºC) and fed a vitamin C and vitamin E-supplemented diet. Vet. Med.-Czech., 2003; 1-2: 33-40.
National Research Council (NRC): Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 1994; 44-45.
A.O.A.C.: Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA, USA. 1990.
Yoshioko, T., Kawada, K., Shimada, T.: Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1979; 135: 372-376.
Alonso, M.L., Benedito, J.L., Miranda, M., Castillo, C., Hernandez, J., Shore, R.F.: Arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in cattle from Galicia, NW Spain. Sci. Total Environ., 2000; 246: 237- 248.
Lai, J.J., Jamieson, G.C.: Determination of dysprosium in monkey serum by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after the administration of Sprodiamide injection, a new contrast medium for magnetic resonance imaging. J. Pharmaceut. Biomed., 1993; 11: 1129-1134.
SPSS Inc.: SPSS for Windows. Base System User’s Guide, Release 9.05. SPSS Inc., Chicago. 1998. 19. Cupo, M.A., Donaldson, W.E.: Effect of lead and niacin on growth and serotonin metabolism in chicks. J. Nutr., 1988; 118: 107- 113.
Bakalli, R.I., Pesti, G.M., Ragland, W.L.: The magnitude of lead toxicity in broiler chickens. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1995; 37: 15-19.
Khan, M.Z., Szarek, J., Koncicki, A., Krasnodebska-Depta, A.: Oral administration of monensin and lead to broiler chicks: effects on haematological and biochemical parameters. Acta Vet. Hung., 1994; 42: 111-120.
Vodela, J.K., Lenz, S.D., Renden, J.A., McElhenney, W.H., Kemppainen, B.W.: Drinking water contaminants (arsenic, cadmium, lead, benzene and trichloroethylene). 1. Interaction of contaminants with nutritional status on general performance and immune function in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 1997; 76: 1474- 1492.
Donaldson, W.E., Leeming, T.K.: Dietary lead: effects on hepatic fatty acid composition in chicks. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 1984; 73: 119-123.
Khan, M.Z., Szarek, J., Krasnodebska-Depta, A., Koncicki, A.: Effects of concurrent administration of lead and selenium on some hematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. Acta Vet. Hung., 1993; 41: 123-137.
Khan, M.Z., Szarek, J., Markiewicz, K.: Effects of oral administration of toxic levels of lead and selenium upon concentration of different elements in the liver of broiler chicks. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A, 1993; 40: 652-664.
Khan, M.Z., Szarek, J., Markiewicz, K., Markiewicz, E.: Effects of concurrent oral administration of toxic levels of monensin and lead on concentration of different elements in the liver of broiler chicks. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A, 1993; 40: 466-475.