Evaluation of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for hepatic hydatid cysts in sheep
This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts. This study was conducted on 22 sheep, which were classified into 2 groups according to their liver health group (healthy liver = 13 and cystic liver = 9). Biochemically, serum concentrations of gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and globulins were significantly increased (P < 0.01) while albumin was lowered (P < 0.01) in sheep with cystic livers. Ultrasonographically, rounded, anechoic, and unilocular hydatid cysts with elliptical circumferences ranging from 6 to 10 cm were seen. The interiors of cysts contained echogenic particulate materials, septations, or fine echoes. At the 10th intercostal space (ICS), ventral margin, size, thickness, and angle of livers increased in sheep with hepatic cysts, while the diameter of portal vein decreased in sheep with liver cysts. At the 9th ICS, the circumference of the gall bladder was lowered in sheep with hepatic cysts (P < 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ultrasonography for diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts were 80%, 100%, and 100% and 83%, respectively. In conclusion, ultrasonography alone or in combination with some biochemical parameters reflecting liver function could be helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts in sheep.
Evaluation of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool for hepatic hydatid cysts in sheep
This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts. This study was conducted on 22 sheep, which were classified into 2 groups according to their liver health group (healthy liver = 13 and cystic liver = 9). Biochemically, serum concentrations of gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and globulins were significantly increased (P < 0.01) while albumin was lowered (P < 0.01) in sheep with cystic livers. Ultrasonographically, rounded, anechoic, and unilocular hydatid cysts with elliptical circumferences ranging from 6 to 10 cm were seen. The interiors of cysts contained echogenic particulate materials, septations, or fine echoes. At the 10th intercostal space (ICS), ventral margin, size, thickness, and angle of livers increased in sheep with hepatic cysts, while the diameter of portal vein decreased in sheep with liver cysts. At the 9th ICS, the circumference of the gall bladder was lowered in sheep with hepatic cysts (P < 0.01). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of ultrasonography for diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts were 80%, 100%, and 100% and 83%, respectively. In conclusion, ultrasonography alone or in combination with some biochemical parameters reflecting liver function could be helpful for the diagnosis of hepatic hydatid cysts in sheep.
___
- Macpherson CN, Spoerry A, Zeyhle E, Romig T, Gorfe M. Pastoralists and hydatid disease: an ultrasound scanning prevalence survey of east Africa. T Roy Soc Trop Med H 1989; 83: 243–247. 7. Khuroo MS, Zargar SA, Mahajan R. Echinococcus granulosus cysts in the liver: management with percutaneous drainage. Radiology 1991; 180: 141–145.
- Andreas A. The liver. In: Grainger & Allison’s Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Churchill Livingstone; 1997. pp. 1155– 1160.
- Lisa MS. The liver, biliary system and pancreas. In: Paul and Juhl’s Essentials of Radiologic Imaging. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Lippincott–Raven; 1998. pp. 511–515.
- Berhe G. Abattoir survey on cattle hydatidosis in Tigray region of Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41: 1347–1352.
- Torgerson PR, Dowling PM, Abo-Shehada MN. Estimating the economic effects of cystic echinococcosis. Part 3: Jordan, a developing country with lower-middle income. Ann Trop Med H 2001; 95: 595–603.
- Lahmar S, Ben Chéhida F, Pétavy AF, Hammu A, Lamar J, Ghannay A, Gharbi H, Sarciron ME. Ultrasonographic screening for cystic echinococcosis in sheep in Tunisia. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143: 42–49.
- Paksoy Y, Ödev K, Şahin M, Dik B, Ergül R, Arslan A. Percutaneous sonographically guided treatment of hydatid cysts in sheep: direct injection of mebendazole and albendazole. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 797–803.
- Sage AM, Wachira TM, Zeyhlqh EE, Weber E, Njoroge E, Smith G, Felekouras E. Evaluation of diagnostic ultrasound as a mass screening technique for the detection of hydatid cysts in the liver and lung of sheep and goats. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28: 349–353.
- Pugh DG. Sheep and Goat Medicine. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders; 2002.
- Coles EH. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Saunders; 1986.
- Braun U, Hausammann K. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1992; 53: 198–202.
- Dunn O, Clark V. Basic Statistics: A Primer for the Biomedical Sciences. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons; 2009.
- WHO Informal Working Group. International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Trop 2003; 85: 253–261.
- Lightowlers MW, Rickard MD, Honey RD, Obendorf DL, Mitchell GF. Serological diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep using cyst fluid antigen processed by antibody affinity chromatography. Aus Vet J 1984; 61: 101–108.
- World Organisation for Animal Health. Echinococcosis/ Hydatidosis. Terrestrial Manual. Paris, France: OIE; 2008.
- Guarnera EA, Zanzottera EM, Pereyra H, Franco AJ. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of ovine cystic echinococcosis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2001; 42: 352–354.
- Tennant BC, Center SA. Hepatic function. In: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML editors. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. 6th ed. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press; 2008. pp. 379–412.
- Barnes T, Hinds L, Jenkins D, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Lightowers M, Coleman G. Comparative pathology of pulmonary hydatid cysts in macropodids and sheep. Comp Clin Path 2011; 144: 113–122.
- Pearson EG. Diseases of the hepatobiliary system. In: Smith BP, editor. Large Animal Internal Medicine. 3rd ed. St Louis, MI, USA: Mosby; 2002. pp. 790–795.
- Szebeni A, Tolvaj G, Zalatnai A. Correlation of ultrasound attenuation and histopathological parameters of the liver in chronic diffuse liver diseases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 37–42.
- Von Sinner WN. Imaging of cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop 1997; 67: 67–89.
- Taylor MA, Coop RL, Wall RL. Veterinary Parasitology. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell; 2007.
- Cebra CK, Garry FB, Getzy DM, Fettman MJ. Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating Holstein cattle: a retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 1997; 11: 231–237.
- Dueger E, Moro P, Gilman R. Oxfendazole treatment of sheep with naturally acquired hydatid disease. Antimicrob Agents Ch 1999; 56: 2263–2267.