Ozan GÜNDEMİR, Hasan ALPAK, Dilek Olğun ERDİKMEN, Didar Aydın KAYA

Evaluation of gait character of Akbaş and Kangal shepherd dogs by using pressuresensitive walkway

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate which walking analysis data may be obtained for Kangal and Akbaş shepherd dogs using a pressure-sensitive walkway PSW and which of these data may be used in the fields of veterinary anatomy, orthopedics, and neurology. Center of pressure COP analysis results of 46 dogs were examined. Distance type gait parameters of dogs were measured and their foot zone analysis values were recorded. It was observed that the pressure values applied by forelimb steps on the ground were higher compared to the pressure applied by hindlimb steps. The highest peak vertical force PVF values were observed in DP3 and DP4 for both forelimbs and hindlimbs. It was determined that the pressure value applied by metapodial pads on the ground were lower compared to digital pads and the PVF values of metapodial pads of the hindlimb were higher than the forelimb metapodial pad values. The correlation between weight and forelimb pressure values was higher than the correlation values between weight and hindlimb pressure values. With the pressure-sensitive walkway system used in the study, COP and foot zone analysis may be performed and distance gait parameters may be measured. It is considered that this system, in which more data may be obtained about the morphometry of walking, is more advantageous with its ease of use compared to other walking analysis systems. It is considered that the studies performed with this system would be a reference in veterinary orthopedic and neurology fields and would contribute to the development of the usage of pressure-sensitive walkway systems for dogs.

Keywords:

Akbaş shepherd dogs center of pressure analysis, gait analysis, Kangal shepherd dogs, pressure-sensitive walkway,

PDF

___

1. Yılmaz, O, Ertuğrul M. Türkiye yerli köpek ırk ve tipleri. Iğdır Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2012; 2 (1): 99- 106.
2. Tepeli C, Çetin O, İnal Ş, Kırıkçı K, Yılmaz A. Growth characteristics of Kangal and Akbaş Turkish shepherd dogs. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 2003; 27 (4): 1011-1018.
3. Erbahçeci F, Bayramlar K. Yürüyüş. 1st ed. Ankara, Turkey: Hipokrat Kitapevi; 2018.
4. Yavuzer G. Yürüme analizi ve temel kavramlar. Türk Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji Birliği Derneği Dergisi 2014; 13: 304-308. doi: 10.14292/totbid.dergisi.2014.33
5. Bosch S, Serra BF, Marin-Perianu M, Marin-Perianu R, van der Zwaag B et al. EquiMoves: a wireless networked inertial measurement system for objective examination of horse gait. Sensors 2018; 18 (3): 850. doi: 10.3390/s18030850
6. Serra Bragança, FM, Rhodin M, Wiestner T, Hernlund E, Pfau T et al. Quantification of the effect of instrumentation error in objective gait assessment in the horse on hindlimb symmetry parameters. Equine Veterinary Journal 2018; 50 (3): 370-376. doi: 10.1111/evj.12766
7. McLaughlin RM. Kinetic and kinematic gait analysis in dogs. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice 2001; 31 (1): 193-201. doi: 10.1016/S0195-5616(01)50045-5
8. DeCamp CE, Soutas-Little RW, Hauptman J, Olivier B, Braden T et al. Kinematic gait analysis of the trot in healthy greyhounds. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1993; 54 (4): 627-634.
9. Voss K, Wiestner T, Galeandro L, Hässig M, Montavon PM. Effect of dog breed and body conformation on vertical ground reaction forces, impulses, and stance times. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2011; 24 (02): 106-112. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-10-06-0098
10. Kim J, Kazmierczak KA, Breur GJ. Comparison of temporospatial and kinetic variables of walking in small and large dogs on a pressure-sensing walkway. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2011; 72 (9): 1171-1177. doi: 10.2460/ ajvr.72.9.1171
11. Adrian CP, Haussler KK, Kawcak CE, Reiser RF, Riegger Krugh C et al. Gait and electromyographic alterations due to early onset of injury and eventual rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs: A pilot study. Veterinary Surgery 2019; 48 (3): 388-400. doi: 10.1111/vsu.13178
12. Araújo JF, Rodrigues FB, Abadia FG, Gervásio FM, Mendonça GBN et al. Electromyographic analysis of the gait cycle phases of Boxer dogs. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 2016; 68 (4): 931-937. doi: 10.1590/1678-4162-8770
13. Fahie M, Cortez J, Ledesma M, Su Y. Pressure mat analysis of walk and trot gait characteristics in 66 normal small, medium, large and giant breed dogs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2018; 5: 256. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00256
14. Kano WT, Rahal SC, Agostinho FS, Mesquita LR, Santos RR et al. Kinetic and temporospatial gait parameters in a heterogeneous group of dogs. BMC Veterinary Research 2016; 12 (1): 2. doi: 10.1186/s12917-015-0631-2
15. Stadig SM, Bergh AK. Gait and jump analysis in healthy cats using a pressure mat system. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2015; 17 (6): 523-529. doi: 10.1177/1098612X14551588
16. Lewis MJ, Williams KD, Langley T, Jarvis LM, Sawicki G et al. Development of a novel gait analysis tool measuring center of pressure for evaluation of canine chronic thoracolumbar spinal cord injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 2019; 36 (21). doi: 10.1089/neu.2019.6479
17. López S, Vilar JM, Rubio M, Sopena JJ, Damiá E et al. Center of pressure limb path differences for the detection of lameness in dogs: a preliminary study. BMC Veterinary Research 2019; 15 (1): 138. doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1881-1
18. Roerdink M, Cutti AG, Summa A, Monari D, Veronesi D et al. Gaitography applied to prosthetic walking. Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 2014; 52 (11): 963-969. doi: 10.1007/s11517-014-1195-1
19. Mawase F, Haizler T, Bar-Haim S, Karniel A. Kinetic adaptation during locomotion on a split-belt treadmill. Journal of neurophysiology 2013; 109 (8): 2216-2227. doi: 101152/ jn.00938.2012
20. König HE, Liebich HG. Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Colour Atlas. 4 th ed. Stuttgart, Germany: Schattauer Verlag; 2013.
21. Marghitu DB, Swaim SF, Rumph PF, Cojocaru D, Gillette RL et al. Dynamics analysis of ground contact pressure of English Pointer dogs. Nonlinear Dynamics 2003; 33 (3): 253-265.
22. Besancon MF, Conzemius MG, Evans RB, Ritter MJ. Distribution of vertical forces in the pads of greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers during walking. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2004; 65 (11): 1479-1501. doi: 10.2460/ ajvr.2004.65.1497
23. Souza ANA, Tatarunas AC, Matera JM. Evaluation of vertical forces in the pads of Pitbulls with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. BMC Veterinary Research 2014; 10 (1): 51.
24. Souza ANA, Pinto ACBCF, Marvulle V, Matera JM. Evaluation of vertical forces in the pads of German Shepherd dogs. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2013; 26 (01): 06-11. doi: 10.3415/VCOT-11- 07-0100
25. Escobar ASA, Souza ANA, Campos Fonseca ACB, Matera JM. Kinetic gait analysis in English Bulldogs. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2017; 59 (1): 77. doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0344-6
26. Gündemir O, Erdikmen DO, Ateşpare, ZD, Avanus K. Examining stance phases with the help of infrared optical sensors in horses. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 2019; 43 (5): 636-641. doi: 10.3906/vet-1902-43
27. Brebner NS, Moens NMM, Runciman JR. Evaluation of a treadmill with integrated force plates for kinetic gait analysis of sound and lame dogs at a trot. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2006; 19 (04): 205-212. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1633002
28. Horstman CL, Conzemius MG, Evans R, Gordon WJ. Assessing the efficacy of perioperative oral carprofen after cranial cruciate surgery using noninvasive, objective pressure platform gait analysis. Veterinary Surgery 2004; 33 (3): 286- 292. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2004.04042.x
29. Hagemeister N, Lussier B, Jaafar E, Clément J, Petit Y. Validation of an experimental testing apparatus simulating the stance phase of a canine pelvic limb at trot in the normal and the cranial cruciate‐deficient stifle: an in vitro kinematic study. Veterinary Surgery 2010; 39 (3): 390-397. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2010.00673.x
30. Hans EC, Zwarthoed B, Seliski J, Nemke B, Muir P. Variance associated with subject velocity and trial repetition during force platform gait analysis in a heterogeneous population of clinically normal dogs. The Veterinary Journal 2014; 202 (3): 498-502. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.022
31. Light VA, Steiss JE, Montgomery RD, Rumph PF, Wright JC. Temporal-spatial gait analysis by use of a portable walkway system in healthy Labrador Retrievers at a walk. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2010; 71 (9): 997-1002. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.71.9.997
32. Blau SR, Davis LM, Gorney AM, Dohse CS, Williams KD et al. Quantifying center of pressure variability in chondrodystrophoid dogs. The Veterinary Journal 2017; 226: 26-31. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.07.001
33. Kieves NR, Hart JL, Evans RB, Duerr FM. Comparison of three walkway cover types for use during objective canine gait analysis with a pressure-sensitive walkway. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2019; 80 (3): 265-269. doi: 10.2460/ ajvr.80.3.265
34. Keebaugh AE, Redman-Bentley D, Griffon DJ. Influence of leash side and handlers on pressure mat analysis of gait characteristics in small-breed dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2015; 246 (11): 1215-1221. doi: 10.2460/javma.246.11.1215
35. Peham C, Limbeck S, Galla K, Bockstahler B. Pressure distribution under three different types of harnesses used for guide dogs. The Veterinary Journal 2013; 198: 93-98. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.040
36. Lascelles BDX, Roe SC, Smith E, Reynolds L, Markham J et al. Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2006; 67 (2): 277-282. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.67.2.277
37. Cheng YS, Reisdorf R, Vrieze A, Moran SL, Amadio PC et al. Kinetic analysis of canine gait on the effect of failure tendon repair and tendon graft. Journal of Biomechanics 2018; 66: 63- 69. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.041