Determination of some Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus Spp. Isolated from Various Clinical Samples
The objectives of this study were to identify staphylococci isolated from different animal clinical samples, to examine some of the virulence factors in the isolates, to determine relationships between these virulence factors and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CoPS)/coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) strains. A total of 180 strains of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from bovine mastitis, dogs with otitis externa and chickens with various infections. The isolates were identified as S. aureus (29.4%), S. hyicus (16.7%), S. intermedius (3.9%), S. chromogenes (16.1%), S. lentus (13.3%), S. epidermidis (11.1%), S. simulans (7.8%) and S. haemolyticus (1.7%). The rate of positiveness for deoxyribonuclease (DNase) test, thermonuclease (TNase) test, presence of the capsule, slime and biofilm formation, hemolysis, and hemagglutination tests for CoPS strains were 42.2%, 43.3%, 53.3%, 77.8%, 74.4%, 58.9%, 46.7%, and for CoNS strains were 54.4%, 5.6%, 13.3%, 44.4%, 36.7%, 28.9% and 41.1%, respectively. The virulence factors which were investigated were determined CoNS and CoPS strains. Thus, it was thought that CoNS strains might be as dangerous as CoPS strains for both animals and humans.
Determination of some Virulence Factors in Staphylococcus Spp. Isolated from Various Clinical Samples
The objectives of this study were to identify staphylococci isolated from different animal clinical samples, to examine some of the virulence factors in the isolates, to determine relationships between these virulence factors and coagulase positive Staphylococcus (CoPS)/coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) strains. A total of 180 strains of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from bovine mastitis, dogs with otitis externa and chickens with various infections. The isolates were identified as S. aureus (29.4%), S. hyicus (16.7%), S. intermedius (3.9%), S. chromogenes (16.1%), S. lentus (13.3%), S. epidermidis (11.1%), S. simulans (7.8%) and S. haemolyticus (1.7%). The rate of positiveness for deoxyribonuclease (DNase) test, thermonuclease (TNase) test, presence of the capsule, slime and biofilm formation, hemolysis, and hemagglutination tests for CoPS strains were 42.2%, 43.3%, 53.3%, 77.8%, 74.4%, 58.9%, 46.7%, and for CoNS strains were 54.4%, 5.6%, 13.3%, 44.4%, 36.7%, 28.9% and 41.1%, respectively. The virulence factors which were investigated were determined CoNS and CoPS strains. Thus, it was thought that CoNS strains might be as dangerous as CoPS strains for both animals and humans.
___
- Koneman, E.W., Allen, S.D., Dowell, V.R., Sommer, H.M.: Diagnostic Microbiology. Chapter 9, 5th ed., J.B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, USA. 1988; 539-576. 2. Quinn, P.J., Carter, M.E., Markey, B.K., Cartey, G.E.: Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. Section 2. Bacteriology, 8. Staphylococcus species. Mosby-Year Book Europe Limited, Lynton House, London, England. 1994; 118-126 3.
- Raad, I., Alrahwan, A., Rolston, K.: Staphylococcus epidermidis:
- emerging resistance and need for alternative agents. Clin. Infect.
- Dis., 1998; 26: 1182-1187. 4.
- Birgerrson, A., Jonsson, P., Holmberg, O.: Species identification
- and some characteristics of coagulase negative staphylococci
- Holt, J.G., Kreig, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A., Williams, S.T.: Staphylococcus spp. In Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9thed. Baltimore, Williams & Wilkins. USA. 2001; 527-533.
- Deighton, M.A., Flanklin, J.C., Spicer, W.J., Balkau, B.: Species identification, antibiotic sensitivity and slime production of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical specimens. Epidemiol. Infect., 1988; 101: 99-113.
- Hawkey P.M., Lewis, D.A.: Staphylococcus spp. In Medical Bacteriology: a practical approach, 1st ed. Oxford, IRL Press, England. 1989; 293-298.
- Gerhardt, P.: Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, USA. 1981; 29.
- Freeman, D.J., Falkiner, F.R., Keane, C.T.: New method for detecting slime producing by coagulase negative staphylococci. J. Clin. Pathol., 1989; 42: 872-874.
- Pfaller, M.A., Davenport, D., Bale, M., Barrett, M., Koontz, F., Massanari, R.M.: Development of the quantitative micro-test for slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 1988; 7: 30-33.
- Freer, J.H., Arbuthnott, J.P.: Toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacol. Ther., 1982; 19: 55-106.
- Rupp, M.E., Archer, G.L.: Hemagglutination and adherence to plastic by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Infect. Immun., 1992; 60: 4322-4327.
- Sümbüloğlu, V., Sümbüloğlu, K.: Biyoistatistik. Özdemir Yayıncılık, Ankara, 1993; 156-174.
- Daghistani, H.I., Issa, A.A., Shehabi, A.A.: Frequency of nasal and wound isolates of Staphylococcus aureus associated with TSST-1 production in Jordanian population. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 2000; 27: 95-98.
- Erganifl, O., Kuyucuoğlu, Y., Ok, Ü.: İnek ve koyun mastitislerine sebep olan koagulaz negatif ve pozitif stafilokokların biyotiplendirilmesi. Veterinarium, 1995; 6: 23-27.
- Shanholtzer, C.J., Peterson, L.R.: Clinical laboratory evaluation of the thermonuclease test. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 1982; 77: 587- 591.
- Barry, A,L., Lachica, R.V.F., Atchison, F.W.: Identification of Staphylococcus aureus by simultaneous use of tube coagulase and thermonuclease tests. Appl. Microbiol., 1973; 25: 496-497.
- Tollersrud, T., Kenny, K., Reitz, A.J., Lee, J.C.: Genetic and serologic evaluation of capsule production by bovine mammary isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and other Staphylococcus spp. from Europe and the United States. J. Clin. Microbiol., 2000; 38: 2998-3003.
- Keskin, O., Altay, G., Akan, M.: Farklı hayvansal kaynaklardan izole edilen koagulaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime üretimi ve adherans. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 2003; 27: 253-257.
- Dinges, M.M., Orwin, P.M., Schlievert, P.M.: Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 2000; 13: 16-34.
- Ajuwape, A.T.P., Aregbesola, E.A.: Biochemical characterisation of staphylococci isolated from rabbits. Israel Vet. Med. Assoc., 2001; 56: 7-12.
- Çıtak, S., Varlık, Ö., Gündoğan, N.: Slime production and DNase activity of Staphylococci isolated from raw milk. J. Food Safety, 2003; 23: 219-292.
- Altay, G., Keskin, O., Akan, M.: Tavuklardan izole edilen stafilokok sufllarının identifikasyonu ve bazı antibiyotiklere duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 2003; 27: 595-600.
- Kiss, G., Radvanyi, S., Szigeti, G.: New combination for the therapy of canine otitis externa. I. Microbiology of otitis externa. J. Small Anim. Pract., 1997; 38: 51-56.
- Lilenbaum, W., Aquino, M.H.C., Costa, M.N.A., Souza Netto, B.A., Souza, E.T.: Bacterial otitis in dogs. Med. Sci., 1987; 6: 47-52.
- Devriese, L.A.: Staphylococci in healthy and diseased animals. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Symposium Supplement, 1990; 69: 71S-80S.