Christopher İgoche OGBAJE, İdris Alao LAWAL, Joseph AJANUSI

Comparative clinical presentation and pathology of some organs in experimentally infected Yankasa sheep with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense from Nigeria

A study was conducted to compare the clinical presentation and pathology of some organs associated with experimental infection of Nigeria field isolates of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense in the Yankasa breed of sheep. Thirty adult Yankasa sheep of both sexes were used. They were screened for hemo-, endo-, and ectoparasites and treated and conditioned for 2 weeks. They were divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, E, and F) of 6 animals each. Two groups each (A, B and E, F) were infected with 2 mL of infected blood containing approximately 2.0 x 106 of T. vivax and T. congolense, respectively. Groups B and F were left untreated and monitored for 7 weeks while groups A and E were treated at the peak of parasitemia with a trypanocide. Group C served as an uninfected control. Clinical signs observed in both groups were anorexia, rough hair coat, ocular discharge, pale mucous membrane, diarrhea, severe weakness, depression, edema of the eye lids in some animals, and emaciation. In addition, teeth grinding and torticollis-like central nervous system disorders were also observed in some animals in group B. Some gross and histopathological lesions were seen in both groups in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, skeletal muscles, and hydropericardium.

Keywords:

Trypanosoma, infection pathology, clinical manifestation, Yankasa sheep,

PDF

___

Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO, De Donato M, Yakubu A, Rodulfo HE, Peters SO, Wheto M, Imumorin IG. Molecular survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected Nigerian cattle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94: 555-561.
Isaac C, Ciosi M, Hamilton A, Scullion KM, Dede P, Igbinosa IB, Oyebiguwa P, Nmorsi G, Masiga D, Turner MR. Molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9 : 301.
Ooi CP, Schuster S, Cren-Travaillé C, Bertiaux E, Cosson A, Goyard S, Perrot S, Rotureau B. The cyclical development of Trypanosoma vivax in the tsetse fly involves an asymmetric division. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6: 115.
D’Ávila AMR, Ramirez L, Silva RAMS. Morphological and biometrical differences among Trypanosoma vivax isolates from Brazil and Bolívia. Mem Inst Osw Cruz 1997; 92: 357- 358.
Fikru R, Goddeeris BM, Delespaux V, Moti Y, Tadesse A, Bekana M, Claes F, De Deken R, Büscher P. Widespread occurrence of Trypanosoma vivax in bovines of tsetse- as well as non-tsetse-infested regions of Ethiopia: a reason for concern? Vet Parasitol 2012; 190: 355-361.
Majekodunmi, AO, Akinyemi F, Dongkum C, Picozzi K, Thrustfield MV, Welburn SC. A longitudinal survey of African animal trypanosomiasis in domestic cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: prevalence, distribution and risk Factors. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6: 239.
Holmes PH, Katunguka-Rwakishaya E, Bennison JJ, Wassink GJ, Parkins JJ. Impact of nutrition on the pathophysiology of bovine trypanosomiasis. Vet Parasitol 2000; 120: S73-S85.
Murray M, d’Leteren GDM, Teale AJ. Trypanotolerance. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA, editors. The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing; 2004. pp. 461-478.
Samdi S, Abenga JN, Fajinmi A, Kalgo A, Idowu T, Lawani F. Seasonal variation in trypanosomosis rates in small ruminants at the Kaduna Abattoir, Nigeria. Afr J Biomed Res 2008; 11: 229-232.
Batista JS, Rodrigues CMF, Olinda RG, Silva TM, Vale RG, Câmara AC, Rebouc RE, Bezerra FS, García HA, Teixeira MMG. Highly debilitating natural Trypanosoma vivax infections in Brazilian calves: epidemiology, pathology, and probable transplacental trans-mission. Parasitol Res 2012; 110: 73-80.
Cherenet T, Sani RA, Speybroeck N, Panandam JM, Nadzr S, Van den bossche PA. Comparative longitudinal study of bovine trypanosomiasis in tsetse-free and tsetse-infested zones of the Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia. Vet Parasitol 2006; 140: 251-258.
Biryomumaisho S, Katunguka-Rwakishaya E. The pathogenesis of anaemia in goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense or Trypanosoma brucei : use of myeloid:erythroid ratio. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143: 354-357.
Taylor K, Authie EML. Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. In: Maudlin I, Holmes PH, Miles MA, editors. The Trypanosomiases. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing; 2004. pp. 331-354.
Njiru ZK, Ouma JO, Bateta R, Njeru SE, Ndungu K, Gitonga PK, Guya S, Traub R. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for Trypanosoma vivax based on satellite repeat DNA. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180: 358-362.
Achenef M, Birasa B. Drugs and drug resistance in African animal trypanosomosis: a review. Europ J Appl Sci 2013; 5: 84- 89.
Nahed Q, Lopez G, Mendoza A, Trigo AA. Epidemiology of parasitosis in the Trozil sheep production system. Sm Rum Res 2003; 49: 199-206.
Nawathe DR, Sohael AS, Umo I. Health management of a dietary herd on the Jos plateau (NIGERIA). Bull Anim Hlth Prod 1985; 33: 199-205.
McClintock J. What Causes Supply Levels from African Livestock Sectors to Change? ILCA’s LPU Working Paper No. 2. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute; 1983.
Amadi ANC, Okore IB, Amajuonwu A. Haematological studies on West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma brucei and response to treatment with diaminazene aceturate. Global Journal of Medical Research: G Veterinary Science and Veterinary Medicine 2015; 15: 2249-4618.
Opasina BA, David-West KB. Position paper on sheep and goat production in Nigeria. In: Proceedings of Small Ruminant Production Systems in the Humid Zone of West Africa, Ibadan, Nigeria; 1984. pp. 55-67.
Francis PA. Livestock and farming systems in south-east Nigeria. In: International Workshop on Goat Production in the Humid Tropics, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; 1987.
Omotainse SO, Anosa VO. Comparative histopathology of the lymph nodes, spleen, liver and kidney in experimental ovine trypanosomosis. Ond J Vet Res 2009; 76: 377-383.
Akintola FO. Rainfall Distribution in Nigeria (1892 – 1983). Ibadan, Nigeria: Impact Publishers Nigeria Ltd.; 1986.
National Bureau of Statistics. Annual Abstract of Statistics. Abuja, Nigeria: National Bureau of Statistics; 2010.
Ammani ALA, Ja’afaru AK, Aliyu IA, Arab AI. Climate change and maize production: empirical evidence from Kaduna State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension 2012; 16: 1-8.
Desquesnes M, McLaughlin G, Zoungrana A, Davila AMR. Detection and identification of trypanosomes of African livestock through a single PCR based on internal transcribed spacer 1 of rDNA. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31: 610-614.
Masiga DK, Smyth AJ, Hayesbromidge IJ, Gibson WC. Sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by DNA amplification. Int J Parasitol 1992; 22: 909-918.
Soulsby EJL. Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domesticated Animals. London, UK: Baillere, Tindall and Cassell; 1986.
Woo PTK. Evaluation of haematocrit centrifuge and other techniques for field diagnosis of trypanosomiasis and filariasis. Acta Tropica 1971; 28: 298-303.
Petana W. A method of counting trypanosomes using Gram’s iodine as diluents. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1963; 57: 307.
Osorio AL, Madruga CR, Desquenes M, Soares CO. Trypanosoma ( Duttonela ) vivax: its biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and introduction in the New World - A review. Mem Inst Osw Crz 2008; 103: 1-13.
Losos GJ, Ikede BO. Review of pathology of disease in domestic and laboratory animals caused by Trypanosoma congolense , Trypanosoma vivax , Trypanosoma brucei , Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense . Vet Path 1972; 9: 1-71.
Taylor KA. Immune responses of cattle to African trypanosomes: protective or pathogenic. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28: 219-240.
Takeet MI, Fagbemi BO. Hematological, pathological and plasma biochemical changes in rabbit experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Science World Journal 2009; 4: 2.
Batista JS, Riet-Correa F, Teixeira MMG, Madruga CR. Trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma vivax in cattle in the Brazilian semiarid: description of an outbreak and lesions in the nervous system. Vet Parasitol 2007; 143: 174-181.
Taiwo VO, Olaniyi MO, Ogunsanmi AO. Comparative plasma biochemical changes and susceptibility of erythrocytes to in vitro peroxidation during experimental Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei infection in sheep. Isr J Vet Med 2003; 58: 435-443.
Fatihu MY, Adamu S, Umar IA, Ibrahim NDG, Eduvie LO, Esievo KAN. Studies on effects of lactose on experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in Zebu cattle. 1. Plasma kinetics of intravenously administered lactose at onset of infection and pathology. Onderstepoort J Vet 2008; 75: 163-172.