Anticoagulant Rodenticide Intoxication in Animals – A Review

The newest measures for the control of harmful rodent populations are from the anticoagulant rodenticide group, which are divided into 2 subgroups: first and second generations, and indandione derivatives. Non-target organisms are potentially at risk of direct consumption of baits (primary hazard) and of eating poisoned rodents (secondary hazard). Anticoagulant rodenticides inhibit the enzyme vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and thus impair the reactivation of vitamin K1, indirectly affecting physiological blood coagulation. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical signs (massive hemorrhages), laboratory findings, and especially the changes in coagulation markers (APTT, PT, TT, PCT, ACT, FDPs, and PIVKA). The specific antidote is vitamin K1. The general prophylaxis consists of placing baits out of reach of animals, daily control of baits and dead rodents, which are to be timely removed.

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Intoxication in Animals – A Review

The newest measures for the control of harmful rodent populations are from the anticoagulant rodenticide group, which are divided into 2 subgroups: first and second generations, and indandione derivatives. Non-target organisms are potentially at risk of direct consumption of baits (primary hazard) and of eating poisoned rodents (secondary hazard). Anticoagulant rodenticides inhibit the enzyme vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and thus impair the reactivation of vitamin K1, indirectly affecting physiological blood coagulation. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical signs (massive hemorrhages), laboratory findings, and especially the changes in coagulation markers (APTT, PT, TT, PCT, ACT, FDPs, and PIVKA). The specific antidote is vitamin K1. The general prophylaxis consists of placing baits out of reach of animals, daily control of baits and dead rodents, which are to be timely removed.

___

Litovitz, T.L., Klein-Schwartz, W., Dyer, K.S., Shannon, M., Lee, S., Powers, M.:: 1997 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 1998; 16: 443-497. Maroni, M., Colosio, C., Ferioli, A., Fait, A.: Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure: a review. Toxicology, 2000; 143: 1-118. 3. Morrissey, B., Burgess, J.L, Robertson, W.O.: Washington's experience and recommendations Re: anticoagulant rodenticides. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 1995; 37: 362-363. 4.

Murphy, M.J.: Rodenticides. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim.

Pract., 2002; 32: 469-484. 5.

Dorman, D.C., Simon, J., Harlin, K.A., Buck, W.B.: Diagnosis of

bromethalin toxicosis in the dog. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 1990; 2: 123-128. 6.

Dorman, D.C., Zachary, J.F., Buck, W.B.: Neuropathologic

Endepols, S., Klemann, N., Pelz, H.J., Ziebell, K.L.: A scheme for the placement of rodenticide baits for rat eradication on confinement livestock farms. Prev. Vet. Med., 2003; 58: 115- 123.

Fournier-Chambrillon, C., Berny, P.J., Coiffier, O., Barbedienne, P., Dassé, B., Delas, G., Galineau, H., Mazet, A., Pouzenc, P., Rosoux, R., Fournier, P.: Evidence of secondary poisoning of free-ranging riparian mustelids by anticoagulant rodenticides in France: implications for conservation of European mink (Mustela lutreola). J. Wildl. Dis., 2004; 40: 688-695.

Berny, P.J., Buronfosse, T., Buronfosse, F., Lamarque, F., Lorgue, G.: Field evidence of secondary poisoning of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and buzzards (Buteo buteo) by bromadiolone, a 4-year survey. Chemosphere, 1997; 35: 1817-1829.

Binev, R., Petkov, P., Rusenov, A.: Intoxication with anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone in a dog – a case report. Vet. Arhiv, 2005; 75: 273-282.

Blocker, T.L., Roberts, B.K.: Acute tracheal obstruction associated with anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in a dog. J. Small Anim. Pract., 1999; 40: 577-580.

Boermans, H.J., Johnstone, I., Black, W.D., Murphy, M.: Clinical signs, laboratory changes and toxicokinetics of brodifacoum in the horse. Can. J. Vet. Res., 1991; 55: 21-27.

Haug, B., Schjİdt-Iversen, L., Rygh, J.: Poisoning with long-acting anticoagulants Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen., 1992; 112: 1958- 1960. (article in Norwegian with an abstract in English) Hansen, N., Beck, C.: Bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication in a dog. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, 2003; 13: 103-107.

James, S.B., Raphael, B.L., Cook, R.A.: Brodifacoum toxicity and treatment in a white-winged wood duck (Cairina scutulata). J. Zoo Wildl. Med., 1998; 29: 324-327.

Kohn, B., Weingart, C., Giger, U.: Haemorrhage in seven cats with suspected anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. J. Feline Med. Surg., 2003; 5: 295-304. Lewis, D.C., Bruyette, D.S., Kellerman, D.L., Smith, S.A.: Thrombocytopenia in dogs with anticoagulant rodenticide-induced hemorrhage: eight cases (1990-1995). J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 1997; 33: 417-422. Lutze, G., Römhild, W., Elwert, J., Leppelt, J., Kutschmann, K.: Case report. Phenprocoumon (Marcumar, Falithrom) as an unusual reason for coumarin poisoning in a dog. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 2003; 110: 31-33.

McConnico, R.S., Copedge, K., Bischoff, K.L.: Brodifacoum toxicosis in two horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1997; 211: 882-886.

Munday, J.S., Thompson, L.J.: Brodifacoum toxicosis in two neonatal puppies. Vet. Pathol., 2003; 40: 216-219.

Newton, I., Wyllie, I., Freestone, P.: Rodenticides in British barn owls. Environ. Pollut., 1990; 68: 101-117.

Peterson, J., Streeter, V.: Laryngeal obstruction secondary to brodifacoum toxicosis in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1996; 208: 352-354. Petrus, D.J., Henik, R.A.: Pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade secondary to brodifacoum toxicosis in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1999; 215: 647-648.

Petterino, C., Paolo, B., Tristo, G.: Clinical and pathological features of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxications in dogs. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 2004; 46: 70-75.

Robben, J.H., Mout, H.C., Kuijpers, E.A.: Anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs in the Netherlands. Tijdschr. Diergeneeskd., 1997; 122: 466-471. (article in Dutch with an abstract in English) Saravanan, K., Kanakasabai, R.: Evaluation of secondary poisoning of difethialone, a new second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide to barn owl, Tyto alba Hartert under captivity. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 2004; 42: 1013-1016.

Sheafor, S.E., Couto, C.G.: Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity in 21 dogs. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 1999; 35: 38-46. Stone, W.B., Okoniewski, J.C., Stedelin, J.R.: Poisoning of wildlife with anticoagulant rodenticides in New York. J. Wildl. Dis., 1999; 35: 187-193.

Stone, W.B., Okoniewski, J.C., Stedelin, J.R.: Anticoagulant rodenticides and rapors: recent findings from New York, 1998- 2001. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 2003; 70: 34-40.

Svendsen, S.W., Kolstad, H.A., Steesby, E.: Bleeding problems associated with occupational exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 2002; 75: 515- 517.

Shore, R.F., Birks, J.D., Afsar, A., Wienburg, C.L., Kitchener, A.C.: Spatial and temporal analysis of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide residues in polecats (Mustela putorius) from throughout their range in Britain, 1992-1999. Environ. Pollut., 2003; 122: 183-193.

Spiller, H.A., Gallenstein, G.L., Murphy, M.J.: Dermal absorption of a liquid diphacinone rodenticide causing coagulaopathy. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 2003; 45: 313-314.

Petterino, C., Paolo, B.: Toxicology of various anticoagulant rodenticides in animals. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 2001; 43: 353-360.

Radi, Z.A., Thompson, L.J.: Renal subcapsular hematoma associated with brodifacoum toxicosis in a dog. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 2004; 46: 83-84.

Robben, J.H., Kuijpers, E.A., Mout, H.C.: Plasma superwarfarin levels and vitamin K1 treatment in dogs with anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. Vet. Q., 1998; 20: 24-27.

Woody, B.J., Murphy, M.J., Ray, A.C., Green, R.A.: Coagulopathic effects and therapy of brodifacoum toxicosis in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med., 1992; 6: 23-28.

Huic’, M., Francetic’, I., Bakran, I., Macolic’ -Sarinic’, V., Bilusic’, M.: Acquired coagulopathy due to anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning. Croat. Med. J., 2002; 43: 615-617.

Lagrange, F., Corniot, A.G., Titier, K., Bedry, R., Pehourcq, F.: Toxicological management of chlorophacinone poisoning. Acta Clin. Belg. Suppl., 1999; 1: 13-16.

Begent, L.A., Hill, A.P., Steventon, G.B., Hutt, A.J., Pallister, C.J., Cowell D.C.: Characterization and purification of the vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide reductases system from rat liver. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2001; 53: 481-486.

Mischke, R.: Evaluation of a prothrombin time optimized for the dog on plasmas with defined coagulation factor deficiency due to coumarin intoxication. Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. A, 1995; 42: 589-599. Smith, S.A., Kraft, S.L., Lewis, D.C., Freeman, L.C.: Plasma pharmacokinetics of warfarin enantiomers in cats. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 2000; 23: 329-337. Smith, S.A., Kraft, S.L., Lewis, D.C., Melethil, S., Freeman, L.C.: Pharmacodynamics of warfarin in cats. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 2000; 23: 339-344.

Munger, L.L., Su, J.J., Barnes, H.J.: Coumafuryl (Fumarin) toxicity in chicks. Avian Dis., 1993; 37: 622-624.

Zivelin, A., Rao, L.V., Rapaport, S.I.: Mechanism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin as evaluated in rabbits by selective depression of individual procoagulant vitamin K- dependent clotting factors. J. Clin. Invest., 1993; 92: 2131- 2140.

Steensma, A., Beamand, J.A., Walters, D.G., Price, R.J., Lake, B.G.: Metabolism of coumarin and 7-ethoxycoumarin by rat, mouse, guinea pig, cynomolgus monkey and human precision-cut liver slices. Xenobiotica, 1994; 24: 893-907. Samama, M.M., Gerotziafas, G.T., Elalamy, I., Horellou, M.H., Conard, J.: Biochemistry and clinical pharmacology of new anticoagulant agents. Pathophysiol. Haemost. Thromb., 2002; 32: 218-224.

Buckle, A.P.: Rodent control methods in rodent pests and their control. Wallingford, Oxon, Commonwealth Agriculture Bureau (CAB) International. 1994.

Butcher, G.P., Shearer, M.J., MacNicoll, A.D., Kelly, M.J., Ind, P.W.: Difenacoum poisoning as a cause of haematuria. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 1992; 11: 553-554. Palmer, R.B., Alakija, P., de Baca, J.E., Nolte, K.B.: Fatal brodifacoum rodenticide poisoning: autopsy and toxicologic findings. J. Forensic Sci., 1999; 44: 851-855.

Hanslik, T., Prinseau, J.: The use of vitamin K in patients on anticoagulant therapy: a practical guide. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, 2004; 4: 43-55. Franco, V., Polanczyk, C.A., Clausell, N., Rohde, L.E.: Role of dietary vitamin K intake in chronic oral anticoagulation: prospective evidence from observational and randomized protocols. Am. J. Med., 2004; 116: 651-656.

Schmid, M., von Forstner, D.: Laboratory Testing in Veterinary Medicine, Diagnosis and Clinical Monitoring. Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim. 3rdedn., 1986: 88-89.

Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences-Cover
  • ISSN: 1300-0128
  • Yayın Aralığı: Yılda 6 Sayı
  • Yayıncı: TÜBİTAK
Sayıdaki Diğer Makaleler

Genetic parameters of residual energy intake and its correlations with other traits in Holstein dairy correlations

Pouya ZAMANI, Seied Reza MIRAEI-ASHTIANI, Hosein MOHAMMADI

Investigation of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Anti-Leishmania infantum Antibodies among Sivas Kangal Dogs

Selçuk KILIÇ, Cahit BABÜR, Ayşegül Taylan ÖZKAN, Nuri MAMAK

The prevalence of sheep liver trematodes in the nothwest region of Iran

Mohammad H. GHAZANI MOVASSAGH, Mohammad R. VALILOU, Ali R. AHMADZADEH, Amir R. KARAMI, Khadijeh ZIRAK

Anticoagulant Rodenticide Intoxication in Animals – A Review

İvan VALCHEV, Rumen BINEV, Veska YORDANOVA, Yordan NIKOLOV

The Prevalence of Sheep Liver Trematodes in the Northwest Region of Iran

Mohammad H. Movassagh GHAZANI, Mohammad R. VALILOU

Seasonal Frequency of Ectoparasite Infestation in Dogs from Shiraz, Southern Iran

Sardar Jafari SHOORIJEH, Abbas Rowshan GHASRODASHTI

Investigation of the Effects of Pre-Incubation Formaldehyde Fumigation on the Tracheal Epithelium of Chicken Embryos and Chicks

Sibel HAYRETDAĞ, Dürdane KOLANKAYA

Heritability Estimates of Post Weaning Performance Traits of Hissardale Sheep in Pakistan

Pervez AKHTAR, Safdar ALI, Asghar HUSSAIN

Genetic Parameters of Residual Energy Intake and Its Correlations with Other Traits in Holstein Dairy Cattle

Pouya ZAMANI, Seied Reza MIRAEI-ASHTIANI, Hosein MOHAMMADI

Yerli Kazlarda Yumuşak ve Sert Tüy Verimi Üzerine Yaş, Cinsiyet, Tüy Rengi, Vücut Ölçüleri ve Vücut Ağılığının Etkileri

Mustafa SAATCI