The mineralogy and geochemistry of Neogene sediments from eastern Turkey, southeast of Arapgir (Malatya)

The mineralogy and geochemistry of volcaniclastic sediments in the southeastern part of the Arapgir area (Malatya) were studied by optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, ICP-AES, and MS techniques. Samples were collected from the marine and lacustrine deposits of the Dibekli and Böğürlüdağ sections that contained calcite, clay minerals, feldspar, quartz, dolomite, and opal. Clay minerals were mixed layer smectite-chlorite, illite, and palygorskite, with Ca-smectite being the dominant clay phase. Smectite was derived from the transformation of volcanic glass and volcanic rock fragments. The fact that Y, Sc, Co and SREE concentrations and (La/Lu)N, La/Sc, Sc/Th, Co/Th, Th/U, and Zr/Hf ratios of tuffites of marine and lacustrine formations are quite similar suggests that these deposits had a common source. The marine sediments of the Alibonca Formation under the volcano sedimentary units are derived from Yamadağ volcanic products and, therefore, volcanism might have commenced in the Lower Miocene.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Yamadağ Volcanics, marine and lacustrine sediments, clay mineralogy

The mineralogy and geochemistry of Neogene sediments from eastern Turkey, southeast of Arapgir (Malatya)

Keywords:

Key words: Yamadağ Volcanics, marine and lacustrine sediments, clay mineralogy,

PDF

___

Abdioğlu, E. & Arslan, M. 2005. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of bentonites of the Ordu area, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals 40, 131–151.
Alpaslan, M. & Terzioğlu, N. 1996. Comparative geochemical features of the Upper Miocene and Pliocene volcanics around Arguvan (NW Malatya). Geological Bulletin of Turkey 39, 75–86.
Banner, J.L., Hanson, G.N. & Meyers, W.J. 1988. Rare earth element and Nd isotopic variations in regionally extensive dolomites from the Burlington-Keokuk Formation (Mississippian): implications for REE mobility during carbonate diagenesis. Journal of Sedimentary Petrolology 58, 415–432.
Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M.J., Fernandez-Nieto, C. & Gonzalez Lopez, J.M. 2000. Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): implications for source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting. Chemical Geology 168, 135–150.
Brindley, G.W. 1980. Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification. Mineralogical Society, London.
Brindley, G.W. 1981. Long-spacing organics for calibrating long spacings of interstratified clay mineral. Clays & Clay Minerals 29, 67–68.
Buket, E. & Temel, A. 1998. Major element, trace element, and Sr– Nd isotopic geochemistry and genesis of Varto (Muş) volcanic rocks, eastern Turkey. Journal of Volcanological and Geothermal Research 85, 405–421.
Çelik, M., Karakaya, N. & Temel, A. 1999. Clay minerals in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks, Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals 47, 708–717.
Chamley, H. 1989. Clay Sedimentology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Christidis, G.E. 1998. Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and a rhyolite to bentonite, in the islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals 46, 379–399.
Christidis, G.E. 2001. Formation and growth of smectites in bentonites: a case study from Kimolos Island, Aegean, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals 49, 204–215.
Christidis, G.E. & Huff, W.D. 2009. Geological aspects and genesis of bentonites. Elements 5, 93–98.
Christidis, G.E., Scott, R.W. & Marcopoulos, T. 1995. Origin of the bentonite deposits of Eastern Milts, Aegean, Greece: geological, mineralogical and geochemical evidence. Clays and Clay Minerals 43, 63–77.
Condie, K.C. 1993. Chemical composition and evolution of the upper continental crust: contrasting results from surface samples and shales. Chemical Geology 104, 1–37.
Condie, K.C. & Wronkiewich, D.J. 1990. The Cr/Th ratio in Precambrian pelites from the Kaapvaal Craton as index of Craton evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 97, 256– 2
Dalai , T.K., Rengarajan, R. & Patel, P.P. 2004. Sediment geochemistry of the Yamuna River System in the Himalaya: implications to weathering and transport. Geochemical Journal 38, 441–453.
Das, B.K. & Gaye-Haake, B. 2003. Geochemistry of Rewalsar Lake sediment, Lesser Himalaya, India: implications for sourcearea weathering, provenance and tectonic setting. Geosciences Journal 7, 299–312.
Debaar, H.J.W., Bacon M.P., Brewer P.G. & Bruland K.W. 1985. Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 1943–1959.
Ece, Ö.I. & Nakagawa, Z. 2003. Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile Region, northern Istanbul, Turkey. Part II: differential mobility of elements. Clay Minerals 38 , 529–550.
Ece, Ö.I. Schroeder Smilley, M.J. & Wampler, J.M. 2008. Acidsulphate hydrothermal alteration ofandesitic tuffs and genesis of halloysite and alunite deposits in the Biga Peninsula, Turkey. Clay Minerals 43, 281–315.
Ekici, T. 2003. Petrology of the Neogene Volcanics Along the Malatya Fault Between Arguvan and Arapkir (Malatya). PhD Thesis. Çukurova University, Adana-Turkey [unpublished].
Ekici, T., Alpaslan, M., Parlak, O. & Uçurum, A. 2009. Geochemistry of the Middle Miocene Collision-related Yamadağı (Eastern Anatolia) calc-alkaline volcanics, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 18, 511–528.
Ercan, T. & Asutay, H.J. 1993. Petrology of Neogene-Quaternary volcanics around Malatya-Elazığ-Tunceli-Bingöl-Diyarbakır. A. Suat Erk Geology Symposium, Ankara, 291–302 [in Turkish with English abstract].
Erkoyun, H. & Kadir, S. 2011. Mineralogy, micromorphology, geochemistry and genesis of a hydrothermal kaolinite deposit and altered Miocene host volcanites in the Hallaclar area, Uşak, western Turkey. Clay Minerals 46, 421–448.
Gündoğdu, N. 1982. Geological-Mineralogical and Geochemical Investigation of Neogene-Bigadiç Sedimentary Basin. PhD Thesis. Hacettepe University, Ankara-Turkey [unpublished, in Turkish with English abstract].
Glassman, J.R. 1982. Alteration of andesite in wet, unstable sols of Oregon’s Western Cascades. Clays and Minerals 30, 253–263.
Hover, V. & Ashley G.M. 2003. Geochemical signatures of paleodepositional and diagenetic environments: a STEM/
AEM study of authigenic clay minerals from an arid rift basin, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Clays and Clay Minerals 51, 231–251. Huff, W.D. 2006. Volcanism and its contribution to mudrock genesis. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 15, 111–122.
Huggenberg, H. & Fuchtbauer, H. 1988. Clay minerals and their diagenesis in carbonate-rich sediments. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 101, 171–177.
Innocenti, F., Mazzuoli, R., Pasquare, G., Radiati di Brozola, F. & Villari, L. 1976. Evolution of volcanism in the area of interaction between the Arabian, Anatolian and Iranian plates (Lake Van, Eastern Turkey). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1, 103–112.
Kadir, S. & Akbulut, A. 2009. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Taşoluk kaolinite deposits in pre-Early Cambrian metamorphites and Neogene volcanites of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Clay Minerals 44, 89–112.
Kadir, S. & Erkoyun, S. 2012. Genesis of the hydrothermal Karacayır kaolinite deposit in Miocene Volcanics and Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks of the Uşak-Gure Basin, Western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 21, 1–26.
Kamineni, D.C. 1985. Significance of the distribution of rare-earth elements (REE) in the Eye-Dashwa pluton the migration of radionuclides. Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Technical Record 113, 508–527.
Karakaya, M.Ç., Karakaya, N. & Küpeli, Ş. 2011. Mineralogical and Geochemical properties of the Na- and Ca-Bentonites of Ordu (N.E. Turkey). Clays and Clay Minerals 59/1, 75–94.
Karakaya, M.Ç., Karakaya, N. & Temel, A. 2001. Kaolin occurrences in the Erenler Dağı volcanics, southwest Konya Province, Turkey. International Geology Review 43, 711–721.
Karakaya, N. 2009. REE and HFS element behaviour in the alteration facies of the Erenler Dağı Volcanics (Konya, Turkey) and kaolinite occurrence. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 101, 185–208.
Karakaya, N., Karakaya, M.Ç. & Temel, A. 2011. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and genesis of the sepiolite deposits at Polatlı Basin (Ankara, Turkey). Clays and Clay Minerals 59/3, 286–314.
Keskin, M., Pearce, J.A. & Mitchell, J.G. 1998. Volcano-stratigraphy and geochemistry of collision-related volcanism on the Erzurum-Kars Plateau, Northern Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85, 355–404.
Kříbek, B., Strnad, M., Boháček, Z., Sıkorová, I., Čejka, J. & Sobalik, Z. 19 Geochemistry of Miocene lacustrine sediments from the Sokolov Coal Basin (Czech Republic). International Journal of Coal Geology 37, 207–233. Kürüm, S. Akgül, B. & Erdem, E. 2006. Examples of Neogene volcanism in Eastern Turkey: comparative petrographic, geochemical and petrologic features of Malatya–Elazig– Tunceli volcanics. Journal of the Geological Society of India 68, 129–136.
Leo, D.P., Dinelli, E., Mongelli, G. & Schiattarella, M. 2002. Geology and geochemistry of Jurassic pelagic sediments, Scisti Silicei Formation, Southern Apennines, Italy. Sedimentary Geology 150, 229–246.
Leo, W.G., Marvin, R.F. & Menhert, H.H. 1974. Geological framework of the Kuluncak-Sofular area, East-Central Turkey and K-Ar ages of igneous rocks. Geological Society of America Bulletin 85, 1785–1788.
Lopez, J.M.G., Bauluz, B., Fernandez-Nieto, C., Yuste Oliete, A. 2005. Factors controlling the trace-element distribution in finegrained rocks: the Albia kaolinite-rich deposits of the Oliete Basin (NE Spain). Chemical Geology 214, 1–19.
McLennan, S.M. & Taylor, S.R. 1983. Geochemical evolution of the Archean shales from South Africa. I. The Swaziland and Pongola supergroups. Precambrian Research 22, 93–124.
Middelburg, J.J., Van Der Weijden, C.H. & Woittiez, J.R.W. 1988. Chemical processes affecting the mobility of major, minor and trace elements during weathering of granitic rocks. Chemical Geology 68, 253–273.
Mongelli, G. 1997. Ce-anomalies in the textural components of upper Cretaceous karst bauxites from the Apulian carbonate platform (southern Italy). Chemical Geology 140, 69–79.
Nance, W.B. & Taylor, S.R. 1976. Rare earth element patterns and crustal evolution Australian post-Archean sedimentary rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 40, 1539–1551.
Nesbitt, H.W. 1979. Mobility and fractionation of REE during weathering of granodiorite. Nature 279, 206–210.
Noruöis, M.J. 2004. SPSS 12.0 Guide to Data Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Ortega-Huertas, M., Martinez-Ruiz, F., Palomo, I. & Chamley, H. 200 Review of the mineralogy of the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary clay: evidence supporting a major extraterrestrial catastrophic event. Clay Minerals 37, 395–411. Perinçek, D. 1979. The Geology of Hazro-Korudag-Çüngüs-MadenErgani-Hazar-Elazıg-Malatya Area, Geological Congress of Turkey, Ankara.
Plank, T. & Langmuir, C.H. 1998. The chemical composition of subducting sediment and its consequences for the crust and mantle. Chemical Geology 145, 325–394.
Rashid, S.A. 2002. Geochemical characteristics of Mesoproterozoic clastic sedimentary rocks from the Chakrata Formation, Lesser Himalaya: implications for crustal evolution and weathering history in the Himalaya. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 21, 283–293.
Rollinson, H.R. 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. Longman, Essex, UK.
Saleemi, A.A. & Ahmed, Z. 2000. Mineral and chemical composition of Karak mudstone, Kohat Plateau, Pakistan: implications for smectite-illitization and provenance. Sedimentary Geology 130, 229–247.
Şaroğlu, F. & Yılmaz, Y. 1986. Geological evolution and basin models during the neotectonic episode in Eastern Anatolia. Mineral Research & Exploration Institute of Turkey 107, 61–83.
Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N. & Şaroğlu, F. 1985. Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. In: Biddle, K.T. & Christie-Blick, N. (eds), Strike-slip Deformation, Basin Formation and Sedimentation. Society of Economic Mineralogist and Paleontologists Special Publications 37, 227–264.
Shibata, S., Tanaka, T. & Yamamoto, K. 2006. Crystal structure control of the dissolution of rare earth elements in watermineral interactions. Geochemical Journal 40, 437–446.
Shoval, S. 2004. Clay sedimentation along the southeastern NeoTethys margin during the oceanic convergence stage. Applied Clay Science 24, 287–298.
Spears, D.A., Kanaris-Sotirios, R., Riley, N. & Krause, P. 1999. Namurian bentonites in the Pennine basin, UK-origin and magmatic affinities. Sedimentology 46, 385–401.
Sun, S.S. & McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts; implications for mantle composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D. & Norry, M.J. (eds), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins. Geological Society of London, London, 42, 313–345.
Tandon, S.K. 2002. Records of the influence of volcanism on contemporary sedimentary environments in central India. Sedimentary Geology 147, 177–192.
Taylor, S.R. & McLennan, S.H. 1985. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford.
Turan, M. 1984. The Stratigraphy and Tectonics of Baskil-Aydınlar (West of Elazığ, E. Turkey) Area. PhD Thesis. Fırat University, Elazığ-Turkey [unpublished].
Türkmen, Aksoy, E., Kürüm, S., Akgül, B. & İnceöz, M. 1998. Lower Miocene volcanism of Arguvan-Arapgir (Malatya) region and their significance in the regional stratigraphy. Geosound 32, 103–115.
Winchester, J.A. & Floyd, P.A. 1977. Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology 20, 325–43.
Worash, G. & Valera, R. 2002. Rare earth element geochemistry of the Antalo Supersequence in the Mekele Outlier (Tigray region, northern Ethiopia). Chemical Geology 182, 395–407.
Velde, B. 1995. Origin and Mineralogy of Clays. Springer, Berlin.
Yalçın, H. & Bozkaya, Ö. 2002. Alteration mineralogy and geochemistry of the Upper Cretaceous Volcanics around Hekimhan (Malatya), central east Turkey: an example for the seawater-rock interaction. Bulletin of Faculty of Engineering of Cumhuriyet University, Series A Earth Sciences 19/1, 81–98 [in Turkish with English abstract].
Yalçın, H. & Gümüşer, G. 2000. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of Late Cretaceous bentonite deposits at the north of Kelkit valley, Northern Turkey. Clay Minerals 35, 807–825.
Yalçın, H., Gündoğdu, M.N., Gaurgoud, A., Vidal, P. & Uçurum, A. 19 Geochemical characteristics of Yamadağı volcanics in Central East Anatolia: an example from collision-zone volcanism. Journal Volcanology Geothermal Research 85, 303– 3 Yıldız, A. & Kuşcu, M. 2007. Mineralogy, chemistry and physical properties of bentonites from Başören, Kütahya, W Anatolia, Turkey. Clay Minerals 42, 399–414.
Yılmaz, Y., Güner ,Y. & Şaroğlu, F. 1998. Geology of the Quaternary volcanic centres of the east Anatolia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 85, 173–210.