Petrology, geochemistry, and evolution of the iron skarns along the northern contact of the Eğrigöz Plutonic Complex, Western Anatolia, Turkey

The Çatak and Küreci skarn districts are located approximately 10 km NW of Emet (Kütahya) in Western Turkey. The skarn and associated ore formations mainly occur at the contact between intrusive rocks of the Eğrigöz Plutonic Complex (EPC) and calcareous pelitic schists with limestone lenses of the Sarıcasu Formation and meta-carbonate rocks of the Arıkaya Formation. The major, trace, and rare earth element analysis of the igneous rocks indicate that they are high level, subalkaline, calc-alkaline, peraluminous to metaluminous I-type intrusions, generated in a continental arc setting. Three distinct skarn-type mineralization, differing in their host rocks and distance from the intrusive body, were chosen to establish the ore-forming conditions in different episodes of skarn formation. The Küreci iron mineralization is hosted in a skarn zone with well-developed zoning from unaltered granodiorite and endoskarn, andradite-diopside exoskarn, to diopside-wollastonite exoskarn towards a marble reaction front. In Sakari, the iron mineralization and associated skarn have formed due to successive fracturing and infiltration processes. From early contact metamorphic rocks to late prograde skarn at the Sakari prospect, the composition of clinopyroxene ranges from (Di50-70 Hd28-53 Jo1-2) to (Di19-73 Hd26-77 Jo2-6) and the composition of garnet ranges from (Ad95-99 Gr1-5) to (Ad40-61 Gr36-58), respectively. The presence of anisotropic grossular garnet with high Fe2+/Fe3+ in crosscutting pyrrhotite-pyrite-bearing veinlets coupled with hedenbergitic pyroxene (Mg-poor clinopyroxene with higher Fe2+/Fe3+) is consistent with reducing conditions during the later stage of prograde skarn alteration. The Çatak iron skarn is characteristic, with its high sulphide content due to the presence of pyrrhotite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite, and low proportion of garnet to pyroxene. The sulphur isotope (d34S) compositions in the pyrrhotite-dominant skarn zones range between +0.84 to -2.23&permil. We interpret the bulk of the sulphur in the system as of igneous derivation and there has not been any significant sulphur contribution from a crustal source. Fluid inclusion measurements conducted on skarn minerals of the proximal zone and distal zone+vein skarn revealed high homogenization temperatures (371 to >600°C) and varying salinity values (10.5 to >70 wt% NaCl). The fluid inclusion data indicate that there are at least three fluids associated with the genesis of the proximal skarn where the high garnet/pyroxene ratios are found. Fluid inclusions that represent the early stages both in garnet and pyroxene plot in 'Primary Magmatic Fluid' and 'Metamorphic Fluids' fields. A magmatic fluid, presumably located at deeper parts of the system, mixed with a metamorphic fluid during its ascent. Over all the Eğrigöz skarn a weak or moderate retrograde skarn alteration envelope formed, dominated by the incursion of meteoric waters in the system, indicating limited fluid-rock interaction. Hydrofracturing resulted in pressure decrease and inclusions with Type III (L+V+S) inclusions that plot in the 'Secondary Magmatic Liquid' and 'Magmatic Meteoric Mixing' fields.

Petrology, geochemistry, and evolution of the iron skarns along the northern contact of the Eğrigöz Plutonic Complex, Western Anatolia, Turkey

The Çatak and Küreci skarn districts are located approximately 10 km NW of Emet (Kütahya) in Western Turkey. The skarn and associated ore formations mainly occur at the contact between intrusive rocks of the Eğrigöz Plutonic Complex (EPC) and calcareous pelitic schists with limestone lenses of the Sarıcasu Formation and meta-carbonate rocks of the Arıkaya Formation. The major, trace, and rare earth element analysis of the igneous rocks indicate that they are high level, subalkaline, calc-alkaline, peraluminous to metaluminous I-type intrusions, generated in a continental arc setting. Three distinct skarn-type mineralization, differing in their host rocks and distance from the intrusive body, were chosen to establish the ore-forming conditions in different episodes of skarn formation. The Küreci iron mineralization is hosted in a skarn zone with well-developed zoning from unaltered granodiorite and endoskarn, andradite-diopside exoskarn, to diopside-wollastonite exoskarn towards a marble reaction front. In Sakari, the iron mineralization and associated skarn have formed due to successive fracturing and infiltration processes. From early contact metamorphic rocks to late prograde skarn at the Sakari prospect, the composition of clinopyroxene ranges from (Di50-70 Hd28-53 Jo1-2) to (Di19-73 Hd26-77 Jo2-6) and the composition of garnet ranges from (Ad95-99 Gr1-5) to (Ad40-61 Gr36-58), respectively. The presence of anisotropic grossular garnet with high Fe2+/Fe3+ in crosscutting pyrrhotite-pyrite-bearing veinlets coupled with hedenbergitic pyroxene (Mg-poor clinopyroxene with higher Fe2+/Fe3+) is consistent with reducing conditions during the later stage of prograde skarn alteration. The Çatak iron skarn is characteristic, with its high sulphide content due to the presence of pyrrhotite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite, and low proportion of garnet to pyroxene. The sulphur isotope (d34S) compositions in the pyrrhotite-dominant skarn zones range between +0.84 to -2.23&permil. We interpret the bulk of the sulphur in the system as of igneous derivation and there has not been any significant sulphur contribution from a crustal source. Fluid inclusion measurements conducted on skarn minerals of the proximal zone and distal zone+vein skarn revealed high homogenization temperatures (371 to >600°C) and varying salinity values (10.5 to >70 wt% NaCl). The fluid inclusion data indicate that there are at least three fluids associated with the genesis of the proximal skarn where the high garnet/pyroxene ratios are found. Fluid inclusions that represent the early stages both in garnet and pyroxene plot in 'Primary Magmatic Fluid' and 'Metamorphic Fluids' fields. A magmatic fluid, presumably located at deeper parts of the system, mixed with a metamorphic fluid during its ascent. Over all the Eğrigöz skarn a weak or moderate retrograde skarn alteration envelope formed, dominated by the incursion of meteoric waters in the system, indicating limited fluid-rock interaction. Hydrofracturing resulted in pressure decrease and inclusions with Type III (L+V+S) inclusions that plot in the 'Secondary Magmatic Liquid' and 'Magmatic Meteoric Mixing' fields.

___

  • Akdeniz, N. & Konak, N. 1979. Geology of Simav-Emet-TavşanlıDursunbey-Demirci Regions. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Compilation no. 6547 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Arribas, A.Jr., Cunningham, C.G., Rytuba, J.J., Rye, R.O., Kelly, W.C., Podwisocki, M.H., McKee, E.H. & Tosdal, R.M. 1995. Geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions, and isotope geochemistry of the Rodalquilar gold alunite deposit, Spain. Economic Geology 90, 795–822.
  • Bierlein, F.P., Waldron, H.M. & Arne, D.C. 1999. Behaviour of rare earth and high field strength elements during hydrothermal alteration of meta-turbidites associated with mesothermal gold mineralization in central Victoria, Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 67, 109–125.
  • Boctor, N.Z., Popp, R.K. & Frantz, J.D. 1980. Mineral-solution equilibria IV: solubilities and the thermodynamic properties of Fe 2 O 3 in the system Fe 2 O 3 -H 2 -H 2 O-HCl. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 44, 1509–1518.
  • Bodnar, R.J. 1993. Revised equation and table for determining the freezing point depression of H 2 O–NaCl solutions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 683–684.
  • Bodnar, R.J. 1995. Fluid inclusion evidence for a magmatic source for metals copper in porphyry copper deposits. In: Thompson, J.F.H. (ed), Magmas, Fluids and Ore Deposits. Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Volume 23, 139–152.
  • Bodnar, R.J. 1999. Hydrothermal solutions. In: Marshall, C.P. & Fairbridge, R.W. (eds), Encyclopedia of Geochemistry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Lancaster, 333–337.
  • Bottinga, Y. & Javoy, M. 1973. Comments on oxygen isotope geothermometry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 20, 250 –2
  • Bottinga, Y. & Javoy, M. 1975. Oxygen isotope partitioning among the minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks. Reviews of Geophysics 13, 401–418.
  • Bozkurt, E. 2004. Granitoid rocks of the southern Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey): field evidence for Tertiary magmatism in an extensional shear zone. International Journal of Earth Sciences 93, 52–71.
  • Bozkurt, E. & Oberhänsli, R. 2001. Menderes Massif (western Turkey): structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution–a synthesis. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 679–708.
  • Bozkurt, E. & Satır, M. 2000. The southern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): geochronology and exhumation history. Geological Journal 35, 285–96.
  • Bozkurt, E. & Sözbilir, H. 2004. Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: field evidence for an episodic, two extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine 141, 63–79.
  • Buddington, A.F. & Lindsley, D.H. 1964. Iron-titanium oxide minerals a synthetic equivalent. Journal of Petrology 5, 310– 3
  • Burt, D.M. 1972. The influence of fluorine on facies of Ca-Fe-Si skarns. Carnegie Institute, Washington Year Book 71, 443–450.
  • Burton, J.C., Taylor, L.A. & Chou, I.M. 1982. The fugacity of oxygen gas-T and fugacity of Sulfur gas–T stability relations of hedenbergite and of hedenbergite-johannsenite solid solutions.
  • Economic Geology 77, 764–783. Chiarada, M. 2003. Formation and evolution processes of the Salanfe
  • W-Au-As-skarns (Aiguilles Rouges Masif, western Swiss Alps). Mineralium Deposita 38, 154–168. Choi, S.G. & Youm S.J. 2000. Compositional variation of arsenopyrite and fluid evolution at the Uslan deposit, southeastern Korea: a low-sulfidation porphyry system. The Canadian Mineralogist 38, 567–583.
  • Chou, I.C. & Eugester, H.P. 1977. Solubility of magnetite in supercritical chloride solutions. American Journal of Science 227, 1296–1314.
  • Ciobanu, C.L. & Cook, N.J. 2004. Skarn textures and a case study: the Ocna de Fier-Dognecea orefield, Banat, Romania. Ore Geology Reviews 24, 315–370.
  • Clayton, R.N. & Keiffer, S.W. 1991. Oxygen isotopic thermometer calibrations, In: Taylor, H.P., O’Neil, J.R. & Kaplan, I.R. (eds), Stable Isotope Geochemistry: A Tribute to Samuel Epstein. The Geochemical Society, Special Publication 3, 3–10.
  • Debon, F. & Le Ford, P. 1983. A chemical-minerological classification of common plutonic rocks and associations. Earth Sciences 73, 135–149.
  • Delaloye, M. & Bingöl, E. 2000. Granitoids from western and northwestern Anatolia: geochemistry and modelling of geodynamic evolution. International Geology Review 42, 241– 2
  • Dewey, J.F. 1988. Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics 7, 1123–
  • Doglioni, C., Agostini, S., Crespi, M., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Riguzzi, F. & Savaşçın, M.Y. 2002. On the extension in western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea. Journal of Virtual Explorer 8, 169–183.
  • Dora, O.Ö. 1971. The mineralogical investigation of the FeZn-S system in connection with contact-metasomatic and hydrothermal sphalerite deposits. Scientific Reports of the Faculty of Science, Ege University. Report no. 122.
  • Drummand, S.E. & Ohmoto, H. 1985. Chemical evolution and mineral deposition in boiling hydrothermal system. Economic Geology 80, 126–147.
  • Emre, T & Sözbilir, H. 1997. Field evidence for metamorpic core complex, detachment faulting and accomodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens, Western Anatolia. In: Pişkin, Ö., Ergun, M., Savaşçın M.Y. & Tarcan, G. (eds), International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region (IESCA) 1995, Proceedings 1, 73–94.
  • Emre, T. & Sözbilir, H. 2007. Tectonic evolution of the Kiraz Basin, Küçük Menderes Graben: evidence for compression/upliftrelated basin formation overprinted by extensional tectonics in west Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 441–470.
  • Erkül, F. 2010. Tectonic significance of synextensional ductile shear zones within the Early Miocene Alaçamdağ granites, northwestern Turkey. Geological Magazine 147, 611–637.
  • Fournier, R.O. 1987. Conceptual models of brine evolution in magmatic-hydrothermal systems. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, 1487–1506.
  • Frantz, J.D., Popp, R.K. & Boctor, N.Z. 1980. Solubility constants of rock-forming minerals. In: Annual Report of Geophysical Department, Carnegie Institution of Washington 80, 340–345.
  • Frost, B.R., Arculus, R.J., Barnes, C.G., Collins, W.J., Ellis, D.J. & Frost, C.D. 2001. A geochemical classification of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 42, 2033–2048.
  • Fry, B., Silva, S.R, Kendall, C & Anderson, R.K. 2002. Oxygen isotope corrections for online d 34 S analysis. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 16, 854–858.
  • Fulignati, P., Gioncada, A. & Sbrana, A. 1999. Rare-earth element (REE) behaviour in the alteration facies of the active magmatichydrothermal system of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 88, 325–342.
  • Fytikas, M., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Mazzuoli, R., Peccerillo, A. & Villari, L. 1984. Tertiary to Quaternary evolution of volcanism in the Aegean Region. Geological Society Special Publication 17, 687–699.
  • Gamble, R.P. 1982. An experimental study of sulfidation reactions involving andradite and, hedenbergite. Economic Geology 77, 784–797.
  • Gasparrini, E. & Naldrett, A.J. 1972. Magnetite and ilmenite in the Sudbury Nickel Irruptive. Economic Geology 67, 605–621.
  • Giesemann, A., Jager, H.J., Norman, A.L., Krouse, H.R. & Brand, W.A. 1994. On-line sulfur isotope determination using elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer. Analytical Chemistry 66, 2816–2819.
  • Gordon, T.M. & Greenwood, H.J. 1971. The stability of grossularite in H 2 O-CO 2 mixtures. American Mineralogist 56, 1674–1688.
  • Göncüoğlu, M.C., Erler, A., Toprak, G.M.V., Olgun, E., Yalınız, K., Kuşçu, İ., Köksal, S. & Dirik, K. 1993. Geology of the Central Section of the Central Anatolian Massif, Part 3: Geological Evolution of the Middle Kızılırmak Basin. Turkish Petroleum Corporation Project Report no. 3313 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Gray, N., Mandyczewsky, A. & Hine, R. 1995. Geology of the zoned gold skarn system at junction reefs, New South Wales. Economic Geology 90, 1533–1552.
  • Greenwood, H.J. 1967. Mineral equilibria in the system MgO-SiO 2 H 2 O-CO 2
  • . In: Abelson, P.H. (ed), Researches in Geochemistry II. New York, Wiley, 542–576. Gülen, L. 1990. Isotopic characterisation of Aegean magmatism and geodynamic evolution of the Aegean subduction. In: Savaşçın, M.Y. & Eronat, H. (eds), International Earth Sciences Colloquium on the Aegean Region (IESCA) 1990, Proceedings 2, 143–166.
  • Gümüş, A. 1964. Contribution a l’étude géologique du secteur septentrional de Kalabak Köy-Eymir Köy (region d’Edremit), Turquie. Publications de l’Institut d’Etudes et de Recherches Minières de Turquie 117, 1–109.
  • Gümüş, A. 1967. On the Çatak-Simav-Dağardı Magnetite Occurrence.
  • General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) Archives no. 732 [in Turkish, unpublished]. Hasözbek, A., Akay, E., Erdoğan, B., Satır, M. & Siebel, W. 2010. Early Miocene granite formation by detachment tectonics or not? A case study from the northern Menderes Massif (western
  • Turkey). Journal of Geodynamics 50, 67–80. Helvacı, C. 1984. Apatite-rich iron deposits of the Avnik (Bingöl) region, Southeastern Turkey. Economic Geology 79, 354–371.
  • Henley, R.W. & McNabb, A. 1978. Magmatic vapor plumes and ground-water interaction in porphyry copper emplacement. Economic Geology 73, 1–20.
  • Hetzel, R. & Reischmann, T. 1996. Intrusion age of Pan-African augen gneisses in the southern Menderes Massif and the age of cooling after Alpine ductile extensional deformation. Geological Magazine 133, 565–572.
  • Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. & Troesch, M. 1995. Miocene NNEdirected extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 152, 639–654.
  • Hopf, S. 1993. Behaviour of rare earth elements in geothermal systems of New Zealand. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 47, 333–357.
  • Innocenti, F., Agostini, S., Di Vincenzo, G., Doglioni, C., Manetti, P., Savaşçın, M.Y. & Tonarini, S. 2005. Neogene and Quaternary volcanism in Western Anatolia: magma sources and geodynamic evolution. Marine Geology 221, 397–421.
  • Işık, V., Seyitoğlu, G. & Çemen, İ. 2003. Ductile-brittle transition along the Alaşehir detachment fault and its structural relationship with the Simav detachment fault, Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Tectonophysics 374, 1–18.
  • Işık, V. & Tekeli, O. 2001. Late orogenic crustal extension in the Northern Menderes Massif (western Turkey): evidences for metamorphic core complex formation. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 757–765.
  • Işık, V., Tekeli, O. & Çemen, İ. 1997. Mylonitic fabric development along a detachment surface in Northern Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. Geological Society of America, Annual Meeting, Abstracts with Programs 29, A-220.
  • Işık, V., Tekeli, O. & Seyitoğlu, G. 2004. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of extensional ductile deformation and granitoid intrusion in the Northern Menderes core complex: implications for the initiation of extensional tectonics in western Turkey. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 23, 555–566.
  • Karaaslan, N. & Başarı, N. 1979. Geological Report of BalıkesirEdremit-Yaşyer (Yalaktepe) Fe Mineralization. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Compilation no. 6612 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Kaya, O. 1972. Tavşanlı yöresi ofiyolit sorununun ana çizgileri [Main headlines of ophiolite problem in Tavşanlı region]. TJK Bülteni 15, 26–108.
  • Koçyiğit, A., Yusufoğlu, H. & Bozkurt, E. 1999. Evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 156, 605–616.
  • Kuşcu, İ. 2001. Geochemistry and mineralogy of the skarns in the Çelebi District, Kırıkkale, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 10, 121–132.
  • Kuşcu, İ., Yılmazer, E., Demirel, G. & Gökçe, H. 2005. A new FeOxide-Cu-Au (DOBA) potential of “skarn type” iron oxide mineralization in central and western Anatolia, Turkey. In: Öztürk, H., Kahriman, A. & Hanilçi, N. (eds), Türkiye Demir Yatakları Jeolojisi Madenciliği Sorunları Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 179–204.
  • Kuşcu, G.G. 2009. Petrogenesis, Ar-Ar and U-Pb geochronolgy of the post-collisional alkaline magmatism in Eastern-Central Anatolia: timing of slab-roll back in Tethyan convergence in Turkey. In: 5 th Annual Meeting of the IGCP-510 Project, A-Type granites and Related Mineralization in the Tethyan Belt (from Pyrences Through Turkey to Indonesia), p. 14.
  • Kwak, T.A.P. 1994. Hydrothermal alteration in carbonatereplacement deposits. Geological Association of Canada Short Course Notes 11, 381–402.
  • Laouar, R., Boyce, A.J., Ahmed-Said, Y., Ouabadi, A., Fallick, A.E. & Toubal, A. 2002. Stable isotope study of the igneous, metamorphic and mineralized rocks of the Edough complex, Annaba, Northeast Algeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences 35, 271–283.
  • Leake, B.E., Woolley, A.R., Birch, W.D, Gilbert, M.C., Grice, J.D., Hawthorne, F.C., Kato, A., Kisch, H.J., Krivovichev, V.G., Linthout, K., Laird, J., Maresch, W.V., Nickel, E.H., Schumacher, J.C., Smith, D.C., Stephenson, N.C.N., Whittaker, E.J.W. & Youzhi, G. 1997. Nomenclature of amphiboles: report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the international mineralogical association commission on new minerals and mineral names. Mineralogical Magazine 61, 295–321.
  • Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. 1979. The Aegean arc and trench system: a key to the neotectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics 60, 1–42.
  • Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. 1981. The Aegean Sea. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences 300, 357–72.
  • Li, Y.B. & Liu, J.M. 2006. Calculation of sulfur isotope fractionation in sulfides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, 1789–1795.
  • Lips, A.L.W., Cassard, D., Sözbilir, H. & Yılmaz, H. 2001. Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 781–792.
  • Lottermoser, B.G. 1990. Rare-earth element and heavy-metal behaviour associated with the epithermal gold deposit on Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 40, 269–289.
  • Lottermoser, B.G. 1992. Rare earth elements and hydrothermal ore formation processes. Ore Geology Reviews 7, 25–41.
  • Logan, M.A.V. 2000. Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Gualilan skarn deposit in the Precordillera of western Argentina. Ore Geology Reviews 17, 113–138.
  • Maniar, P.D. & Piccoli, P.M. 1989. Tectonic discrimination of granitoids. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101, 635–643.
  • Marschik, R., Spikings, R. & Kuşcu, İ. 2008. Geochronology and stable isotope signature of alteration related to hydrothermal iron oxide ores in Central Anatolia. Mineralium Deposita 43, 111–124.
  • Mason, R. 1990. Petrology of the Metamorphic Rocks. 2 nd Edition, Unwin Hyman Ltd., London, UK.
  • Meinert, L.D. 1982. Skarn, manto, and breccia pipe formation in sedimentary rocks of the Cananea Mining District, Sonora, Mexico. Economic Geology 77, 919–949.
  • Meinert, L.D. 1992. Skarns and skarn deposits. Geoscience Canada 19, 145–162.
  • Meinert, L.D. 1997. Application of skarn deposit zonation models to mineral exploration. Exploration and Mining Geology 6, 185–208.
  • Meinert, L.D. 1998. Skarns and skarn deposits. Geoscience Canada 19, 145–162.
  • Michard, A. 1989. Rare earth element systematics in hydrothermal fluid. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 53, 745–750.
  • Newberry, R.J. 1982. Tungsten-bearing skarns of the Sierra Nevada. I. The Pine Creek Mine, California. Economic Geology 77, 823–844.
  • Oakes, C.S., Bodnar, R.J. & Simonson, J.M. 1990. The system NaClCaCl 2 -H 2
  • O: The ice-liquidus at 1 atm total pressure. Geochim et Cosmochim Acta 54, 603–610. Ohmoto, H. & Goldhaber, M.B. 1997. Sulfur and carbon isotopes. In: Barnes, H.L. (ed), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. 3 rd
  • Edition, Wiley, New York, 517–612. Oyman, T. 2010. Geochemistry, mineralogy and genesis of the Ayazmant Fe-Cu skarn deposit in Ayvalık, (Balıkesir), Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 37, 75–101.
  • Önal, G., Yüce, A.E., Boylu, F., Tarkan, M., Fişne, A., Kökkılıç, O., Avşaroğlu, N., Kur, M., Binici, P. & Karaoğlu, M. 2009. General and Economic Geology of Biga Peninsula. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Compilation no. 11101 [in Turkish].
  • Özgenç, İ. & İlbeyli, N. 2008. Petrogenesis of the late Cenozoic Eğrigöz Pluton in Western Anatolia, Turkey: implications for magma genesis and crustal processes. International Geology Review 50, 375–391.
  • Özgenç, İ. & İlbeyli, N. 2009. Geochemical constraints on petrogenesis of Late Cretaceous alkaline magmatism in eastcentral Anatolia (Hasançelebi-Başören, Malatya), Turkey. Mineralogy and Petrology 95, 71–85.
  • Özgenç, İ., Oyman, T. & Albayrak, Ö. 2006. Genetic Investigation Polymetallic Mineralizations of Northern and Western Sections (Tavşanlı/Simav/Kütahya) of Eğrigöz Massif. The Scientific and Technologic Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), Project no. YDABAG-102Y021 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Özocak, R. 1972. Report on Kütahya-Emet-Çatak Region Iron Mineralization. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Compilation no. 4793 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Öztürk, Y.Y., Helvacı, C. & Satır, M. 2005. Genetic relations between skarn mineralization and petrogenesis of the Evciler granitoid (Kazdağ, Çanakkale-Turkey) and comparison with world skarn granitoids. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 14, 255–280.
  • Öztürk, Y.Y., Helvacı, C. & Satır, M. 2008. The influence of meteoric water on skarn formation and late-stage hydrothermal alteration at the Evciler skarn occurrences, Kazdağ, NW Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews 34, 271–284.
  • Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W. & Tindle, A.G. 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 956–983.
  • Pe-Piper, G. & Piper, D.J.W. 1989. Spatial and temporal variation in Late Cenozoic back-arc volcanic rocks, Aegean Sea region. Tectonophysics 169, 113–134.
  • Potter, R.W., Clynne, M.A. & Brown, D.L. 1978. Freezing point depression of aqueous sodium chloride solutions. Economic Geology 73, 284–285.
  • Poucrou, J.L. & PrcHoir, F. 1985. ‘PAP’ d(pz) procedure for improved quantitative microanalysis. In: Armstrong, J.T. (ed), 1rr Microbeam Analysis-1985. San Francisco Press. San Francisco, California, 104–106.
  • Rimmele, G., Oberhänsli, R., Goffe, B., Jolivet, L., Candan, O. & Çetinkaplan, M. 2003. First evidence of high-pressure metamorphism in the ‘Cover Series’ of the southern Menderes Massif. Tectonic and metamorphic implications for the evolution of SW Turkey. Lithos 71, 19–46.
  • Ring, U. & Collins, A.S. 2005. U–Pb SIMS dating of synkinematic granites: timing of core-complex formation in the northern Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London 162, 289–298.
  • Roedder, E. 1984. Fluid Inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy 12, p. 644.
  • Sasaki, A., Arikawa, Y. & Folinsbee, R.E., 1979. Kiba reagent method of sulfur extraction applied to isotopic work.  Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan 30, 241–245.
  • Satır, M. & Friedrischen, H. 1986. The origin and evolution of the Menderes Massif, W-Turkey: a rubidium/strontium and oxygen isotope study. Geological Rundschau 75, 703–714.
  • Sato, K. 1980. Tungsten skarn deposits of the Fujigatani mine, southwest Japan. Economic Geology 75, 1066–1082.
  • Şengör, A.M.C. 1979. Mid-Mesozoic closure of Permo–Triassic Tethys and its implications. Nature 279, 590–593.
  • Şengör, A.M.C. 1987. An example of the importance of strike-slip tectonics in orogenic collages: Mesozoic evolution of Iran and surrondings. Proceedings of the 7 th Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Publications, 50–64.
  • Şengör, A.M.C., Görür, N. & Şarafoğlu, F. 1985. Strike-slip deformation, basin formation and sedimentation: strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 37, 227–264.
  • Şengör, A.M.C. & Yılmaz, Y. 1981. Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics 75, 181–241.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. & Scott, B.C. 1996. The cause of N–S extensional tectonics in western Turkey: tectonic escape vs back-arc spreading vs orogenic collapse. Journal of Geodynamics 22, 145–53.
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Tekeli, O., Çemen, İ., Şen, Ş. & Işık, V. 2002. The role of the flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir Graben, western Turkey. Geological Magazine 139, 15–26.
  • Sharp, Z.D. 1990. A laser-based microanalytical method for the in situ determination of oxygen isotope ratios of silicates and oxides. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 1353–1357.
  • Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. & Alderton, D.H.M. 1985. A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies. Blackie, Glasgow.
  • Shinohara, H. & Fujimato, K. 1994. Experimental study in the system albite andalusite-quartz-NaCl-H 2 O at 600°C and 400 to 2000 bars. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 4857–4866.
  • Simon, A.C., Pettke, T., Candela, P.A., Piccoli, P.M. & Heinrich, C. 200 Experimental determination of gold solubility in rhyolite melt and magnetite: constraints on magmatic gold budgets. American Mineralogist 88, 1644–1651.
  • Smith, M., Henderson, P., Long, J. & Williams, C. T. 2000. REE and uranium in skarn garnets and other phases: constraints on the transport of U and REE in skarn forming fluids. Journal of Conference, Abstracts 5, p. 941.
  • Sourirajan, S. & Kennedy, G.C. 1962. The system NaCl-H 2 O at elevated temperatures and pressures. American Journal of Science 260, 115–141.
  • Sözbilir, H. 2001. Extensional tectonics and the geometry of related macroscopic structures: field evidence from the Gediz detachment, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 10, 51–67.
  • Sözbilir, H. 2002. Geometry and origin of folding in the Neogene sediments of the Gediz Graben, western Anatolia, Turkey. Geodinamica Acta 15, 277–288.
  • Streckeisen, A. 1976. To each plutonic rock its proper name. Earth
  • Sciences Review 12, 1–33. Sun, S.S. & McDonough, W.F. 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematic of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and process. In: Saunders A.D. & Norry M.J. (eds), Magmatism in Ocean Basins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 42, 313–345.
  • Tamer, Y. & Kurt, M. 1982. Feasibility Report on Balıkesir-ŞamlıBakırlık Tepe Fe Mineralization. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report no. 1835 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Taşan, O. & Cihnioğlu, M. 1984. Geological Report on Iron Occurences Around Kütahya-Emet-Simav-Eğrigöz Granite. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Compilation no. 7531 [in Turkish, unpublished].
  • Tufan, E.A. 2003. Geology, paragenesis and formation of the PbZn occurance of Karaaydın village (Yenice-Çanakkale). Niğde University Journal of Engineering Science 7, 95–106.
  • Wang, S. & Williams, P.J. 2001. Geochemistry and origin of Proterozoic skarns at the Mount Elliott Cu-Au (-Co-Ni) deposit, Cloncurry District, NW Queensland. Mineralium Deposita 36, 109–124.
  • Weaver, B. & Tarney J. 1984, Empirical approach to estimating the composition of the continental crust. Nature 310, 575–577.
  • Whitney, J.A., Henley, J.J. & Simon, F.O. 1985. The concentration of iron in chloride solutions equilibrated with synthetic granitic compositions: the sulfur free system. Economic Geology 80, 444–460.
  • Whitney, P.R. & Olmsted, J.F. 1998. Rare earth element metasomatism in hydrothermal systems: the Willsboro-Lewis wollastonite ores, New York, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 62, 2965–2977.
  • Winkler, H.G.F. 1967. Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. SpringerVerlag New York Inc., Revised 2 nd Edition.
  • Yılmaz, Y. 1990. Comparisons of the young volcanic associations of the west and the east Anatolia under the compressional regime: a review. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 44, 69–
  • Yücelay, M.A. 1975. Geological Report on the Karaaydın (KalkımYenice-Çanakkale) Pb Mineralization, Çanakkale. General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Report no. 229 [in Turkish].
  • Zaw, K. & Singoyi, B. 2000. Formation of magnetite-scheelite skarn mineralization at Kara, northwestern Tasmania: evidence from mineral chemistry and stable isotopes. Economic Geology 95, 1215–1230.
  • Zhao, Y., Dong, Y., Li, D. & Bi, C. 2003. Geology, minerology, geochemistry, and zonation of the Bajiazi dolostone-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag skarn deposit, Liaoning Province, China. Ore Geology Reviews 23, 153–182.
  • Zheng, Y.F. 1993. Calculation of oxygen isotope fractionation in anhydrous silicate minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 1079–1091.
  • Zheng, Y.F. 1999. Oxygen isotope fractionation in carbonate and sulfate minerals. Geochemical Journal 33, 109–126.
  • Zürcher, L., Ruiz, J. & Barton, M.D. 2001. Paragenesis, elemental distribution, and stable isotopes at the Peña Colorada Iron Skarn, Colima, Mexico. Economic Geology 96, 535–557.
  • Scientific Editing by İlkay Kuşcu