Devonian-Carboniferous brachiopods and biostratigraphic findings from the Kangal Phyllite-Slate Formation (greenschist), Sivas, Turkey

The Kangal Phyllite-Slate Formation forms the basement rocks in Kangal-Çetinkaya-Alacahan-Divriği (Sivas). These late Paleozoic phyllite-slate associations occupy a large area, possibly composed of Early Paleozoic sediments in its lower part. The lower levels (Bakırtepe Metaquartzite Member; 0-500 m) and uppermost levels comprise the Düzce Recrystallized Limestone Member (0-25 m). The lower boundary is invisible and the upper boundary is unconformably overlain by the Kıratgediği Limestone (late Jurassic- early Cretaceous). The studied brachiopod fauna, about 400 specimens, was collected from the 150-m-thick uppermost part of the greenschist sequences in the Kulluk Hill area, Elkondu village, 25 km east of Kangal. Some bryozoans, corals, trilobites, and crinoids were also retrieved. Five fossiliferous levels belonging to the lower, middle, and upper Devonian, and the lower Carboniferous stages were assigned as follows: (1) Pragian-Emsian; (2) Eifelian-Givetian; (3) Fransian-Famennian-Etroeungtian (Strunian); the Devonian- Carboniferus boundary; (4) lower Carboniferus: Tournaisian and Viséan stages, based on the brachiopods; and (5) upper Permian: from Roadian to Capitanian stages, based on the foraminifera and algae in the Düzce recrystallized limestone. This level indicates a sedimentary interruption. All of these fossils and fossiliferous beds were correlated with the type localities and related beds. The Kangal brachiopods are similar to those of Şafaktepe, the Gümüşali Formations (middle and upper Devonian), and the Ziyarettepe Formation (lower Carboniferous) of the eastern Taurides. The brachiopod community is closely affiliated with the Mediterranean, northwest European Faunal Provinces, part of the Transcaucasian Region, and microfossils of the Düzce recrystallized limestone belonging to the Tethyan Region. Brachiopod fauna and lithologic characteristics of the formation suggest that the upper (150 m) greenschist sequences were deposited in an open shelf environment under warm sea conditions in the Late Paleozoic era.

___

  • Abdüsselmoğlu Ş (1959). Geologic study of Eastern Taurus Mountains in the Upper Seyhan region, Mineral Research Exploration Institute, Turkey (MTA) Report No: 2668, Code. 300 (302), A136 (unpublished) Ankara.
  • Abramjan MS (1957). Brachiopods of upper Famennian and Etroeungt deposits of SW Armenia, Akademy Nauk Armyan SSR, 142p, 16 pl.
  • Allan RS (1935). The fauna of the Reefton beds (Devonian). New Zealand, New Zealand Geological Survey. Palaeontology Bulletin 14: 72, 5 pl.
  • Altıner D (1981). Recherches stratigraphiques et micropaleontologiques dans le Taurus oriental au NW de Pınarbaşı (Turquie). Thesis, No.2005, p. 1-450, pls. 1-56, Univ. Genève.
  • Altıner D, Baud A, Guex J, Stampfli G (1980). La limite Permien- Trias dans quelques localités du Moyen-Orient: recherches stratigraphiques et micropaléontologiques. Rivista italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 85: 683-714.
  • Altınlı İE (1966). Kangal havzasının jeolojik ve hidrojeolojik incelemesi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi mecmuası XXXI (1-2), 1-20, İstanbul.
  • Anderson MM, Boucot AJ, Johnson JG (1969). Eifelian Brachiopods from Padaukpin, Northern Shan States, Burma. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) 18: 1-163, 10 pl.
  • Arni P (1939). Tecktonische Grundzüge Ostanatoliens und benachbarter Gebiete. Bulletin Mineral Research Exploration Institue, Turkey (MTA), B,4, Ankara. Bali ǹ ski A (1995). Brachiopods and Conodont Biostratigraphy of the Famennian from the Debnik Anticline, Southern Poland. Palaeontologia Polonica. 54: 1-88, 24 text-fig, 22 pls.
  • Bassett MG, Bryant C (2006). A Tournaisian Brachiopod Fauna from South-East Wales. Paleontology 49: 485-535, pl. 1-18, tex-fig. 1-15.
  • Baykal F (1966). Sivas, Explanatory Text of the Geological Map of Turkey 1:500.000 in scale, Sivas, Mineral Research Exploration Institue, Turkey (MTA).
  • Biernat G (1964). Middle Devonian Atrypacea (Brachiopoda) from the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9: 277-340, 20 fig., 15 pls.
  • Blumenthal M (1937). Les traits principaux de la géologie de la région entre Kangal et Divrik (Vilayet Sivas). Mineral Research Exploration Institue, Turkey (MTA), Report No. 568 (unpublished), Ankara.
  • Blumenthal M (1938). Recherches géologiques dans le Taurus oriental a la hauteur de Hekimhan - Hasançelebi - Kangal (Vilayet Sivas-Malatya), Mineral Research Exploration Institue, Turkey (MTA), Rep. No. 570 (unpublished), Ankara.
  • Boucot AJ (1959). Brachiopods of the Lower Devonian rocks at Highland Mills, New York. Journal of Paleontology 33: 727- 769, pl. 90-103.
  • Boucot AJ, Caster KE, Talent JA (1963). Relationships of a new Lower Devonian terebratuloid (Brachiopoda) from Antarctica. Bulletin of American Paleontology 46(207): 81-151, pl. 16-41
  • Brice D (1967). Deux nouvelles espèces de Rhynchonelloidea dans le Dévonien supérieur d’Afghanistan central. Société Géologique du Nord, Annales 87: 95-105. 1 pl.
  • Brice D (1971). Étude Paléontologique et Stratigraphique du Dévonien de l’Afghanistan. Notes et Mémoires Sur le Moyen- Orient Tome XI, Muséum National d’histoire Naturelle, Paris.
  • Brice D (1977) Biostratigraphie du Dévonien d’Afghanistan. Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France, Paris 8: 267-276.
  • Brice D (1999). New data on systematics of some Famennian spiriferid brachiopods from Afghanistan and Iran. Senckenbergiana lethaea. 79:281-285 Frankfurt am Main.
  • Brice D (1999). New Upper Devonian Rhychonellid and Spiriferid Brachiopod taxa from Eastern Iran (Kerman Province) and Central Iran (Soh Region). Annales de la Société géologique du Nord, T.7(2 éme série), 71-78, Lille.
  • Brice D, Jenny J, Stampfli G, Bigey F (1978). Le Dévonien de l’Elbourz oriental: Stratigraphie, paléontologie (brachiopodes et bryozoaires), paléogéographie. Riv Ital Paleont 84: 1-56, pl. 1-5, Milano.
  • Brice D, Lafuste J, Lapparent AF, Pillet J, Yassini I (1973). Etude de deux gisement Paléozoiques (Silurien et Dévonien) de l’Elbourz oriental (Iran). Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord, XCIII 3: 177-218.
  • Brice D, Legrand-Blain M, Nicollin, JP (2005). New data on late Devonian and early Carboniferous Brachiopods from NW Sahara: Morocco, Algeria. Annales de la Société Géologique du Nord. T.12 (2éme série), 1-45, Lille 1.
  • Brunton CHC (1984). Silicified Brachiopods from the Viséan of Country Fermanagh, Ireland (III) Rhynchonellids, Spiriferids and Terebratulids. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Geol) 38: 27-130, fig. 1-211.
  • Brunton HC, Champion C (1974). A Lower Carboniferous Brachiopod fauna from the Manifold Valley, Staffordshire. Paleontology 17: 811-840, pls. 107-111.
  • Buch L von (1834). Über Terebrateln mit einem Versuch, sie zu classificiren und zu Beschreiben, Wiss., Abhandlungen der Königlich Berlin.
  • Carter JL (1974). New general of spiriferid and brachythyridid brachiopods. Journal of Paleontology. 48: 674-696, 4 fig. 4 pl.
  • Carter JL (1987). Lower Carboniferous Brachiopods from The Banff Formation of Western Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Commission, Geologique du Canada.
  • Chacón MLM, Prins CFW (1977). A Numurian brachiopod fauna from Meré (Province of Oviedo, Spain). Scripta Geologia 39: 1-40, 1-14 pls, Rijksmuseum, Leiden.
  • Chan-Zhong G (1993). Discovery of Late Devonian Cyrtospirifer Fauna from Damusi Section, Southwest of Tarin Basin, Xinjiang, NW China. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Academia Sinica, Nanjinj (210008).
  • Conrad TA (1841) Fifth Annual Report on the Paleontology of the State of NewYork. New York Geological Survey, Annual Report 5: 25-57.
  • Copper P (1967). Spinatrypa and Spinatrypina (Devonian Brachiopoda). Palaeontology 10: 489-5231-27, pl. 76-83. London.
  • Dahmer, G (1929). Die Fauna der Oberkoblenzschichten des Faehinger Sattels am Südwestrand der Lahnmulde. -Jb. preuß. geol. L. -A. f. 1929, 50, I. Berlin.
  • Demanet F (1934). Les Brachiopodes du Dinantien de la Belgique. Mémoires du Musée royal d’histoire naturelle de Belgique 61: 1-114, pl. I-X, Bruxelles.
  • Demirtaşlı E, Çatal E, Dil N, Kırağlı C, Salancı A (1978). Carboniferous of the area between Pınarbaşı and Sarız, Guidebook (Field Excursions B) on the Carboniferous stratigraphy in Turkey (IUGS Subcoms. on Carbon. Stra.), MTA Ankara, pp. 25-30.
  • De Verneuil E (1845). Paléontologie, Mollusques, Brachiopodes. Géologie de la Russie Europe et des Montagnes de l’Oural. London, Paris. 2: 17-395, 43 pl.
  • Drot J (1964). Rhynchonelloidea et Spiriferoidea siluro-dévoniens du Maroc pré- saharien. Notes et Mémories du Service Géologique du Maroc, Paris. 178: 1-237, pls.1-24.
  • Egeran N (1947). Tectonique de la Turquie et Relations etc. G. Thomas, Nancy.
  • Erlanger OA (1993). Greira gen. nov., The oldest Genus of Punctate Rhynchonellids. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1993: 118-122 (in Russian).
  • Eroğlu G (2004). Saimbeyli Yöresindeki Geç Devoniyen Yaşlı Gümüşali Formasyonundan Frasniyen Brakiyopoda Faunası (Adana-Doğu Toroslar). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 129: 57-68, 2 lev.
  • Frech F (1916) Geologie Kleinasiens im Berreich der Bagdat-Bahn. Zd. Geol. Ges. B. 68: 1-325.
  • Garcia-Alcalde LJ (1992). El Devonico de Santa Maria Del Mar (Castrillion, Asturias, Espana). Revista Espanola de Paleontologia 7: 53-79.
  • Girty GH (1900). Devonian Fossils from Southwestern Colorado. The fauna of the Ouray Limestone. Twentieth Annual report of the survey, 1898-1900, part II- General Geology and Paleontology 31-81, pl. III-VII.
  • Girty GH (1926). Mississippian Formation of San Saba County, Texas, III. United States Geological Survey 146: 24-43, pl. 5-6.
  • Girty GH (1938). Descriptions of a New Genus and a New Species of Carboniferous Brachiopod. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 28: f.278-284.
  • Gourvennec R (2006). Upper Devonian Brachiopods from Eastern Taurus (Turkey). Geologia Croatica 59: 1-17, 2 pl. Zagreb.
  • Gültekin AS (1993). Alacahan-Çetinkaya-Divriği (Sivas ili) arasında kalan alanın Jeolojisi, s.1- 183, 1:25000; 1:10000 ölçekli jeoloji haritası. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi (unpublished Ph. D. thesis), İstanbul. Abstract: The geology of the area between Alacahan - Çetinkaya and Divriği (Sivas Province). Science Institute, İstanbul University, IV-V.
  • Halamski AT (2009). Middle Devonian Brachiopods from the northern part of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland in relation to selected coeval faunas. pt.1, Palaeontographica Abt. A, 287: 41-98, pl. 1-16. Bonn.
  • Hall J (1843). Geology of New York. Part IV, Comprising the Survey of the Fourth Geological District. Carroll and Cook Printers, Albany. 1-683, pl. i-xix.
  • Hall J (1847). Paleontology of New York, v.1, containing descriptions of the organic remains of the lower divisions of the New York System. C. van Benthuysen, New York. 338 p., 100 pls.
  • Hall J (1858). Report Geological Survey of the State Iowa, Paleontology, published by Iowa 1: 473-724, pl. 1-29.
  • Hall J (1859). Paleontology of New York, 3 (1). Containing description and figures of the organic remains of the Helderberg Group and the Oriskany Sandstone, New York Geological Survey Natural History of New York, Albany. 532 p., 120 pl. (text published 1859, plates in 1861).
  • Hall J (1860). Contributions to paleontology, New York State Cabinet of Natural History, Annual Report 13: 55-125.
  • Hall J (1867). Description and figures of fossil Brachiopoda of the Upper Helderberg Hamilton, Portage and Chemung Groups, Natural History of New York, Paleontology 4 (1). New York State Geol. Survey Albany. 428 p., 63 pl.
  • Hance L, Poty E (2006). HASTARIAN, Geologica Belgica (2006) 9/1- 2: 111-116.
  • Hance L, Poty E, Devuyst FX (2006); IVORIAN, Geologica Belgica (2006) 9/1-2: 117-122.
  • Havliček V, Racheboeuf P (1979). Chonetacea (Brachiopodes) du Silurien et du Dévonien de Bohême. Annales de Paléontologie Invertébrés (Tchécoslovaquie) 65: 69-138.
  • Imbrie J (1959). Brachiopods of the Traverse Group (Devonian) of Michigan, pt.1. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 116: 351-409, pl. 48-67, New York.
  • Johnson JG (1966). Middle Devonian Brachiopods from the Roberts Mountains, Central Nevada. Paleontology 9: 152-181, pl. 23- 28. London.
  • Kaesler RL (2000). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda, (Revised), vol. 2 & 3, The Geological Society of America & The University of Kansas. Boulder & Lawrence. xx+539 p., 417 fig., 40 tables.
  • Kaesler RL (2002). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised), v.4, The Geological Society of America & The University of Kansas. Boulder & Lawrence. xxıx+921- 1688 p., fig. 921-1100.
  • Kaesler RL (2006). Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part H, Brachiopoda (Revised), vol. 5. The Geological Society of America & The University of Kansas, Boulder & Lawrence. xlvi+1689-2320 p., fig. 1101-1499.
  • Ketin İ (1959). Über alter und Art der kristallinen Gesteine und Lagerstâtten in Zentral-Anatolien Berg- und Hüttenmânnische Monatshefte, Jahrg, Wien.
  • Ketin İ (1966). Anadolu’nun tektonik birlikleri (Tectonic units of Anatolia: Asia Minor), MTA Derg. No. 66, Ankara.
  • de Koninck LG (1841-1844), Description des animaux fossiles qui se trouvent dans le terrain Carbonifère de Belgique, H. Dessain, Liège. iv + 650 p., 55 pl.
  • de Koninck LG (1847). Recherches sur les animaux fossiles, Part I, Monographie des genres Productus et Chonetes. H. Dessain, Liège. 246p., 20 pl.
  • Kindle EM (1909). The Devonian Fauna of the Ouray Limestone; United States Geological Survey, Bulletin 391: 1-60, pl. 1-10.
  • M’Coy F (1844). A synopsis of the Characters of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland; Dublin: Printed at The University Press, by M.H. GILL, 207 p., 34 fig., 29 pl.
  • Muir-Wood HM (1962). On the Morphology and Classification of the Brachiopods Suborder Chonetoideda, British Mus. (Nat. Hist.) London, p. 1-132, 16 pl., 24 text-figs.
  • Muir-Wood HM, Cooper GA (1960). Morphology, classification and life habits of the Productoidea (Brachiopoda). Geologyical Society of America Memoir 81: 447 p., 8 fig., 135 pl.
  • Nalcıoğlu GE (2005). Brachiopods and Lithology from the Devonian – Carboniferous Transition in the Eastern Taurides (Turkey), “DEVEC” IGCP Project-499”, International Workshop, Abstracts & Field Trip Guide Books, p. 36-37, (26 Sept.–3 Oct.), İ. Un., İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Nance RD (2008). The Rheic Ocean: Origin, Evolution, and Significance, Geological Society of America, 18, pp. 4-12.
  • Nicollin JP, Brice D (2004). Biostratigraphical value of some Strunian (Devonian, uppermost Famennian) Productidina, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida, Spiriferinida brachiopods; Valeur biostratigraphique de brachiopodes (Productidina, Rhynchonellida, Spiriferida, Spiriferinida) d’age Strunien (Dévonien, Famennien terminal) Geobios 37 (2004) 437-453 Elsevier SAS.
  • Oehlert DV (1877). Sur le fossiles du départment de la Mayenne. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 3rd Series 5: 578- 603, pls 9-10.
  • Oswald F (1912). Armenian Handbuch reg. Geology. T:5, Fasc. No.10, Heidelberg.
  • Özgül N, Metin S, Dean WT (1972) Doğu Toroslar’da Tufanbeyli ilçesi (Adana) dolayının Alt Paleozoyik stratigrafisi ve faunası, Maden Tetkik ve Arama Derg. No. 79, p. 9-16, Ankara.
  • Özgül N, Metin S, Göğer E, Bingöl İ, Baydar O, Erdoğan B (1973). Tufanbeyli dolayının Kambriyen-Tersiyer kayaları. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni, XVI, 1, p. 82-100, Ankara.
  • Öztürk H (1991). Divriği ve Civarının Temel Stratigrafisi ve Yay Ardı Havza Gelişimi. 44. Türkiye Jeoloji Kurultayı Bülteni, p.71, Ankara.
  • Paeckelmann W (1930). Die Brachiopoden des deutschen Unterkarbons. Abhandlungen der Preuss. Geol. Landes N.F. 122 (3), p. 143-326, pl. 8-24.
  • Paeckelmann W (1931). Die Brachiopoden des deutschen Unterkarbons. 2. Teil: Abhandlungen der Preuss. Geol. Landes N.F. 136, p.1-352, pl.1-41, Berlin.
  • Paeckelmann W (1942). Beiträge zur Kenntnis devonischer Spiriferen. Abhandlungen des Reichsamts für Bodenforschung N.F. 197, p. 1- 188, fig. 1-92, pl. 1-8. Berlin.
  • Phillips J (1836). Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire; or a Description of the Strata and Organic Remains: Accompanied by a Geological Map, Sections and Diagrams and Figures of the Fossils; Part 2. The Mountain Limestone District. John Murray, London, 253p.
  • Plodowski G (1990). Paläozoologie II, Courier Forsch. - Institute Senckenberg, 127: 237-249, 9 abb.
  • Plodowski G (1994). Dichospirifer Brice 1970, eine Leit-Gattung im höchsten Oberdevon, CFS, 169: 17-27, 4 Abb., 1 Taf.; Willi Ziegler-Festschrift-II.
  • Plodowski G, Salancı A (1990). Devon-Karbon Grenze in Anatolien. Ziegler W, editor. Wissen-schaftlicher Jahresbericht 1988/89 des Forscungsinstitut Senckenberg, Couriere Forchung Institut Senckenberg, 127, 238-249.
  • Racheboeuf PR (1981). Les Brachiopodes Leptaenidae et Chonetacea. In Morzadec P, Paris F, Racheboeuf PR, editors. La tranchée de la Lézais Emsien Supérieur du Massif Armoricain, Mém Soc. Géol. et Mineral, Bretagne 24 (313), p. 165-181, pl. 19-23, text- figs 1-10, tbl. 1-3.
  • Raumer JF, Stampfli GM (2008). The birth of the Rheic Ocean-Early Paleozoic subsidence patterns and subsequent tectonic plates scenarios. Tectonophysics. Tecto-124177; p. 1-12.
  • Romanowski G (1880). Materialen zur Geologie von Turkestan. I. Lieferung. Geologische und paläontologische Uebersicht des nordwestlichen Tian-Shan und des südöstlichen Theiles der Niederung von Turan, Saint-Petersbourg, 143p., pl. I-XXIX, pl. A.
  • Sartenaer P (1961). Étude nouvelle, en deux parties, du genre “Camarotoechia Hall et Clarke, 1893”. Première Partie: “Atrypa congregata Conrad”, espèce-type, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin 37: 1-11, 1 pl.
  • Sartenaer P (1961). Late Upper Devonian (Famennian) Rhynchonelloid brachiopods. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin 37: 1-10, 2 pl.
  • Sartenaer P (1961). Étude nouvelle, en deux parties, du genre Camarotoechia Hall and Clarke, 1893, Deuxième partie: Cupularostrum recticostatum n. gen., n. sp. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin 37: 1-15, 2 pl.
  • Sartenaer P (1970). Nouveaux genres Rhynchonellides (Brachiopodes) du Paléozoïque, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin 46: 1-32.
  • Sartenaer P (2000). Revision of The Rhynchonellid Brachiopod Genus Ripidiorhynchus Sartenaer, Géologica Belgica (2000) 3/3-4: 191-213.
  • Sartenaer P, Plodowski G (1996). Restatement of the Late Tournaisian “Spirifer tornacensis de Koninck, 1883” on the base of the original collection; Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Bulletin Van Het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen.
  • Sayar C, Gültekin AS (1993). Devonian-Carboniferous brachiopods from Greenschist facies of Kangal (Sivas). Abstracts, 46. Geology Congress of Turkey, p. 136, 137.
  • Sayar C, Gültekin AS (1995). The Stratigraphy, age and faunal community of Kangal Formation (Greenschist) Sivas, Turkey, Second International Turkish Geology Workshop, 6–8 September 1995, Cumhuriyet Univ. Sivas, Turkey. Abstract Book, p.99.
  • Sayar C, Gültekin AS (2005). Stratigraphy and Brachiopods of the Devonian-Carboniferous Low Grade Metamorphic Sequence, Kangal Formation, Kangal-Sivas/ Turkey. “DEVEC IGCP PROJECT-499”, International Workshop, Depositional Environments of the Gondwanan and Laurasian Devonian, 26 Sept.–3 Oct. 2005, Turkey. Abstract & Field Trip Guide Books. P. 38-39. Geol Dept. Eng. Fac. İst. Univ.
  • Sayar C, Gültekin AS, Bargu S (2014). Devonian-Carboniferous Brachiopod Fauna from “Kangal Phyllite-Slate Formation”, Sivas, Turkey, p. 15-16, (Kangal Fillit-Sleyt Formasyonunda Devoniyen-Karbonifer Brakiyopod Faunası, Sivas, Türkiye, p. 13-14) 15. Paleontology-Stratigraphy Workshop (Çalıştay), Invited Presentation, 25–27 Oct., 2014, Side, Antalya.
  • Sayar C, Gültekin AS, Bargu S (2015). Devonian-Carboniferous Brachiopods and Biostratigraphic Findings from the Kangal Phyllite-Slate Formation (Greenschist), Sivas, Turkey, p. 37-38
  • (Kangal Fillit-Sleyt Formasyonu’nda (Yeşilşist) Devoniyen- Karbonifer Brakiyopodları ve Biyostratigrafik Bulgular, Sivas, Türkiye p. 35-36). 100th Anniversary Symposium of the Geology at Istanbul University, Book of Abstracts, 21–23 Oct. 2015, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Sayar C, Yılmaz İ, Bargu S (2005). The Stratigraphic and Paleontologic Features of the Devonian-Carboniferous, Saimbeyli, Turkey, DEVEC IGCP PROJECT-499, International Workshop, Depositional Environments of the Gondwanan and Laurasian Devonian, 26 Sept.–3 Oct. 2005, Turkey, Abstract & Field Trip Guide Books. p. 42. Geol Department of Engineering Faculty, İstanbul University.
  • Sayar C, Yılmaz İ, Bargu S (2009). Stratigraphy and fossils of Middle-Upper Devonian and Carboniferous from Saimbeyli, Eastern Taurides, Turkey. 62nd Geological Kurultai of Turkey, Abstracts Book - II, P. 665, Ankara.
  • Schnur J (1851). Die Brachiopoden aus dem Übergangsgebirge der Eifel. Program der vereinigten höheren Bürger- und Provinzial-Gewerbeschule zu Trier für das Schuljahr 1850- 1851, Lintz, Trier. p.1-16.
  • Schnur J (1853–1854). Zusammenstellung und Beschreibung sammtlicher im Übergangsgebirge der Eifel vorkommenden Brachiopoden, Paleontographica 3: 169-248, pl. 22-45.
  • Schlotheim EF von (1813). Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Versteinerungen in geognostischer Hinsicht. In Leonhard CC, editor. Taschenbuch für die gesammte Mineralogique mit Hinsicht auf die neuesten Entdeckungen, v. 7, no. 1. Hermann. Frankfurt am Main. p. 1-134, 4 pl.
  • Şengör AMC, Yılmaz Y (1981). Tethyan evolutin of Turkey: a plate tectonic interpretation. Tectonophysics 75, 181-241.
  • Sobolev D (1904). Devonskija otloženija profilja Grzegorzevice- Skaly-Vlochi. Izv Vars Polit Inst, 1-107, Varšava.
  • Sowerby JC (1840). On the physical structure and older stratified deposits of Devonshire in Adam Sedgwik, R I. Murchison Geol Society of London (2. Ser.) 5, p. 633-703, pl. 50-58.
  • Stainbrook MA (1947). Brachiopoda of The Percha Shale of New Mexico and Arizona, Journal of Paleontology 21: 297-328, pl. 44-47. 1867; Asie Mineure, Géologie, I.
  • Steininger J (1853). Geognostische Beschreibung der Eifel, Druek und Verlang der Fr. Lintz’schen Buchhandlung 1853. Tchihatcheff P de (1867). Asie Mineure, Géologie, v.I, Paris
  • Tornquist A (1895). Das fossilführende Untercarbon am östlichen Rossbergmassiv in den Südvogessen. I. Einleitung Bechereibung der Brachiopoden - Fauna. 3 Taf. Abh. Geol. Specialk. Elsass - Lothringen.
  • Turner FJ (1968). Metamorphic Petrology (Mineralogical and Field aspects). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill.
  • Ünsalaner (Kırağlı) C (1945). Alaylıdağ ve Beydağ sıradağları arasındaki bölgenin Üst Devon Faunası. Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA Mec.) 2(34), p, 401-403, 2pl. (The Upper Devonian fauna of the region between Alaylıdağ and Beydağ Chains, p. 404-406) Ankara.
  • Ünsalaner (Kırağlı) C (1945). A Preliminary Description of the Carboniferous and Devonian Fauna Discovered in the Western Taurus, Mineral Research and Exploration, Ankara. 3 (34), p. 599-603.
  • Weller S (1909). Kinderhook faunal studies, The Fauna of the Fern Glen Formation. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 20: 265-332, Pl. 10-15.
  • Whidborne GF (1897). A Monograph of the Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Paleontographical Society London. 3: 113- 178, pl. 17-21.
  • Winchell A (1863). Description of the fossils of the Yellow Sandstones lying beneath the Burlington Limestone at Burlington, Iowa. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia serie 2: 2-25.
  • Zaninetti L, Altıner D, Çatal E (1981). Foraminiferes et biostratigraphie dans le Permien supérieur du Taurus Oriental, Turquie, Notes du Lab. Pal. De L’univ. Genève, Fasc. 7, No.1.
  • Zeiler F (1857). Versteinerungen der alteren Reinischen Grauwake, Verhandlungen Natur-historisch Verein Preuss, Rhein. 14: 45- 51, pl. 3-4.