Assessment of element concentrations in surface sediment samples from Sigacik Bay (eastern Aegean)

Concentrations of Al, Fe, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Hg, and organic carbon, and grain size distribution were investigated in the surface sediments of 7 sampling stations in the Sigacik Bay (western Anatolia) in December 2016. At all of the sampling stations, the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cr, and As were higher than the average shale values. The highest concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, As, and Hg were found at stations near Doganbey Cape. The possible sources of pollution were evaluated using several parameters: the enrichment factor (Et), contamination factor (Cf), and contamination degree (Cd). The Ef values ranged between 0.12 and 7.61 in the bay. The high Ef (>1.5) values of Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, and As were assessed to explain the influence of anthropogenic sources. Additionally, the Cf values ranged from 0.46 to 5.61, while the Cd values ranged from 11.69 to 20.45 in the study area. The Cd of the Cr and As ranged between moderate and considerable, and the highest Cd was measured at stations near Doganbey Cape. Additionally, the pollution degrees were assessed using sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), the threshold effect level (TEL), the probable effect level (PEL), the effects range low (ERL), and the effects range median (ERM). It was demonstrated that the sediments were generally heavily polluted with Cr and Ni, and moderately with Pb and Cu, according to the numerical SQGs. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni were above the TEL, while Cr and Ni were also higher than the PEL levels for all of the samples.

___

  • Abbasi A, 2020, MAR POLLUT BULL, V154, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111041
  • Akcali I, 2011, MAR POLLUT BULL, V62, P637, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.021
  • Aktar M, 2007, GEOPHYS J INT, V171, P1363, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03598.x
  • Algan O, 2004, ENVIRON GEOL, V46, P932, DOI 10.1007/s00254-004-1104-2
  • Aloupi M, 2001, ENVIRON POLLUT, V113, P211, DOI 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00173-1
  • Atalar M, 2013, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V91, P69, DOI 10.1007/s00128-013-1008-5
  • Bakak O, 2017, THESIS .
  • Bakak O, 2019, DOKUZ EYLUL U FEN VE, V21, P993, DOI [10.21205/deufmd.2019216327, DOI 10.21205/DEUFMD.2019216327]
  • Bakak O, 2015, ENRGY PROCED, V76, P230, DOI 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.909
  • Baltas H, 2017, MAR POLLUT BULL, V122, P475, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.059
  • Baysal A, 2018, MAR POLLUT BULL, V130, P293, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.03.033
  • Bazzi A., 2014, J OCEANOGRAPHY MARIN, V5, P20, DOI [DOI 10.5897/JOMS2014.0110, 10.5897/JOMS2014.0110.]
  • Benetatos C, 2006, TECTONOPHYSICS, V426, P263, DOI 10.1016/j.tecto.2006.08.003
  • Bonnail E, 2016, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V544, P1031, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.131
  • Cardoso AGA, 2001, J BRAZIL CHEM SOC, V12, P767
  • Carvalho S, 2005, ACTA OECOL, V27, P143, DOI 10.1016/j.actao.2004.11.004
  • Christophoridis C, 2006, J ENVIRON QUAL, V35, P1181, DOI 10.2134/jeq2005.0213
  • Costa ES, 2015, MAR POLLUT BULL, V92, P259, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.11.028
  • Ding XG, 2019, MAR POLLUT BULL, V149, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110497
  • Duman M, 2012, MAR POLLUT BULL, V64, P2245, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.06.025
  • El Nemr A, 2006, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V118, P89, DOI 10.1007/s10661-006-0985-9
  • ERGIN M, 1993, B OCEANOL TEOR APPL, V11, P27
  • Eryilmaz M, 2014, 5 INT S MON MED COAS, P655
  • Esder S, 1988, THESIS .
  • Esen E, 2010, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V160, P257, DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0692-9
  • Folk R. L., 1980, PETROLOGY SEDIMENTAR .
  • Gurcay S, 2014, THESIS .
  • Gurcay S, 2007, 6 UL KIYI MUH S, P499 .
  • HAKANSON L, 1980, WATER RES, V14, P975, DOI 10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
  • Ho HH, 2010, GEOL BELG, V13, P37 .
  • Kara M, 2015, ENVIRON EARTH SCI, V73, P405, DOI 10.1007/s12665-014-3434-z
  • Karageorgis AP, 2005, APPL GEOCHEM, V20, P69, DOI 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.07.008
  • Krauskopf KB, 1985, INTRO GEOCHEMISTRY .
  • Kucuksezgin F, 2008, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V141, P213, DOI 10.1007/s10661-007-9889-6
  • Kucuksezgin F, 2006, ENVIRON INT, V32, P41, DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2005.04.007
  • Kucuksezgin F, 2011, MAR POLLUT BULL, V62, P1562, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.012
  • LARSEN B, 1989, MAR POLLUT BULL, V20, P556, DOI 10.1016/0025-326X(89)90356-1
  • Long E.R., 1990, NOAA TECH MEMO NOS O, V52, P175
  • LONG ER, 1995, ENVIRON MANAGE, V19, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF02472006
  • Long ER, 1998, HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS, V4, P1019, DOI 10.1080/10807039891284956
  • Lord DA, 1988, P S HELD 14 15 SEPT, P16 .
  • Luo W, 2007, ENVIRON POLLUT, V146, P567, DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.08.001
  • Lykousis V, 2002, J MARINE SYST, V33, P313, DOI 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00064-7
  • MacDonald, 1994, APPROACH ASSESSMENT, V1
  • MacDonald DD, 2000, ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX, V39, P20, DOI 10.1007/s002440010075
  • Machado AAD, 2016, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V541, P268, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.045
  • Mashiatullah A, 2013, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V185, P1555, DOI 10.1007/s10661-012-2650-9
  • Meric E, 2018, MTA DERGISI, V156, P89 .
  • Meric Engin, 2018, Yerbilimleri, V39, P207
  • Morillo J, 2002, ENVIRON INT, V28, P263, DOI 10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00033-8
  • Nethaji S, 2017, MAR POLLUT BULL, V115, P469, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.045
  • Ocakoglu N, 2004, TECTONOPHYSICS, V391, P67, DOI 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.008
  • Ocakoglu N, 2005, MAR GEOL, V219, P155, DOI 10.1016/j.margeo.2005.06.004
  • Onder S, 2002, THESIS .
  • Orcun E, 2007, SU URUN DERG, V24, P1 .
  • Ozkan EY, 2012, EKOLOJI, V21, P11, DOI 10.5053/ekoloji.2012.832
  • Decena SCP, 2018, POL J ENVIRON STUD, V27, P1983, DOI 10.15244/pjoes/75204
  • Pazi I, 2011, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V174, P199, DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1450-3
  • Pekey H, 2006, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V123, P219, DOI 10.1007/s10661-006-9192-y
  • Poulos SE, 2009, CONT SHELF RES, V29, P2045, DOI 10.1016/j.csr.2008.11.010
  • Remeikaite-Nikiene N, 2018, OCEANOLOGIA, V60, P193, DOI 10.1016/j.oceano.2017.11.001
  • Salati S, 2010, ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS, V164, P677, DOI 10.1007/s10661-009-0920-y
  • Saleem M, 2013, J GEOCHEM EXPLOR, V125, P144, DOI 10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.12.006
  • Salmons W, 1984, METALS HYDROCYCLE .
  • Sayin E, 2011, J MARINE SYST, V88, P502, DOI 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2011.06.005
  • Shakeri A., 2009, World Applied Sciences Journal, V6, P413
  • Sharifuzzaman SM, 2015, ENV REMEDIATION TECH, P21
  • Sozbilir H, 2009, TURK JEOL BULT, V52, P217
  • [孙钦帮 Sun Qinbang], 2017, [生态环境学报, Ecology and Environmental Sciences], V26, P843
  • Talas E, 2015, MAR POLLUT BULL, V95, P63, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.04.042
  • Tchounwou Paul B, 2012, Exp Suppl, V101, P133, DOI 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
  • Toygar AA, 2012, THESIS .
  • USEPA, 1997, RISK ASS FISH CONS L, V2 .
  • Yilgor S, 2004, GUNL S IZM TURK .
  • Yilgor S, 2012, B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX, V89, P512, DOI 10.1007/s00128-012-0699-3
  • Yolsal-Cevikbilen S, 2014, TECTONOPHYSICS, V635, P100, DOI 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.001
  • Zalewska T, 2015, OCEANOLOGIA, V57, P32, DOI 10.1016/j.oceano.2014.06.003
  • Zhang T, 2002, BIOTECHNOL LETT, V24, P1833, DOI 10.1023/A:1020650313396
  • Zhou F, 2007, MAR POLLUT BULL, V54, P1372, DOI 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.05.017