Development of thermoplastic polyurethane/polyaniline-doped membranes for the separation of glycine through electrodialysis

Recently, membrane-based separation processes, particularly electrodialysis, have attracted attention for the separation and purification of organic and amino acids from animal feedstock waste. In this study, cation exchange membranes were synthesized by making a composite of thermoplastic polyurethane and polyaniline (PANI) via the doping of various aromatic sulfonic acids, such as ß -naphthol sulfonic acid and phenol sulfonic acid. The PANI was prepared using a standard method, which was further used in the composite blending at varying concentrations of 10%- 20%. The impact of the concentration of PANI and the nature of the dopant on the membrane characteristics were comparatively studied. The membranes were analyzed by electric conductivity, water swelling, morphological studies (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The membranes were used for the separation of glycine hydrochloride via electrodialysis.

___

  • 1. Vicentini DS, Barra GMO, Bertolino JR, Pires ATN. Polyaniline/thermoplastic polyurethane blends: Preparation and evaluation of electrical conductivity. European Polymer Journal 2007; 43 (10): 4565-4572. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.046
  • 2. Barra GMO, Matins RR, Kafer KA, Paniago R, Vasques CT et al. Thermoplastic elastomer/polyaniline blends: Evaluation of mechanical and electromechanical properties. Polymer Testing 2008; 27 (7): 886-892. doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2008.07.004
  • 3. Shaukat U, Qaiser AA, Shehzad MA, Mehmood A, Zaidi AH et al. Preparation and characterization of ion exchange membranes based on polyaniline and thermoplastic polyurethane blends. Journal of Pakistan Institute of Chemical Engineers 2014; 42 (1): 63-69.
  • 4. Wallace GG, Teasdale PR, Spinks GM, Kane-Maguire LAP. Conductive Electroactive Polymers. Boca Raton, USA: Taylor & Francis, 2008.
  • 5. Kiattibutr P, Tarachiwin L, Ruangchuay L, Sirivat A, Schwank J. Electrical conductivity responses of polyaniline films to SO 2–N 2 mixtures: Effect of dopant type and doping level. Reactive and Functional Polymers 2002; 53 (1): 29-37. doi: 10.1016/S1381-5148(02)00141-4
  • 6. Fazullin DD, Mavrin GV, Sokolov MP. Cation-exchange membranes with polyaniline surface layer for water treatment. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 2014; 10 (5): 424. doi: 10.3844/ajessp.2014.424.430
  • 7. Readi OMK, Mengers HJ, Wiratha W, Wessling M, Nijmeijer K. On the isolation of single acidic amino acids for biorefinery applications using electrodialysis. Journal of Membrane Science 2011; 384 (1-2): 166-175. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.021
  • 8. Vertova A, Aricci G, Rondinini S, Miglio R, Carnelli L et al. Electrodialytic recovery of light carboxylic acids from industrial aqueous wastes. Journal of applied electrochemistry 2009; 39 (11): 2051-2059. doi: 10.1007/s10800-009- 9871-9
  • 9. Cardoso MJR, Lima MFS, Lenz DM. Polyaniline synthesized with functionalized sulfonic acids for blends manufacture. Materials Research 2007; 10 (4): 425-429. doi: 10.1590/S1516-14392007000400017
  • 10. Marie E, Rothe R, Antonietti M, Landfester K. Synthesis of Polyaniline Particles via Inverse and Direct Miniemulsion. Macromolecules 2003; 36 (11): 3967-3973. doi: 10.1021/ma0257550
  • 11. Rodrigues PC, Akcelrud L. Networks and blends of polyaniline and polyurethane: correlations between composition and thermal, dynamic mechanical and electrical properties. Polymer 2003; 44 (22): 6891-6899. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.08.024
  • 12. Kumar M, Tripathi BP, Shahi VK. Electro-membrane process for the separation of amino acids by iso-electric focusing. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 2010; 85 (5): 648-657. doi: 10.1002/jctb.2348
  • 13. Meng H, Xiao L, Li L, Li C. Concentration of ionic liquids from aqueous ionic liquids solution using electrodialyzer. Desalination and Water Treatment 2011; 34 (1-3): 326-329. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2011.2884
  • 14. Amado FD, Rodrigues L, Rodrigues M, Bernardes A, Ferreira J et al. Development of polyurethane/polyaniline membranes for zinc recovery through electrodialysis. Desalination 2005; 186 (1): 199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.05.019
  • 15. Eliseeva T, Shaposhnik V, Krisilova E, Bukhovets A. Transport of basic amino acids through the ion-exchange membranes and their recovery by electrodialysis. Desalination 2009; 241 (1): 86-90. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.02.030
  • 16. Eliseeva T, Krisilova E, Vasilevsky V, Novitsky E. Electrodialysis of solutions of tartaric acid and its salts. Petroleum Chemistry 2012; 52 (8): 609-613. doi: 10.1134/S0965544112080075
  • 17. MacDiarmid AG, Epsteins AJ. Polyanilines: A novel class of conducting polymers. Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society 1989; 88: 317-332
  • 18. Campos TLA, Kersting DF, Ferreiras CA. Chemical synthesis of polyaniline using sulphanilic acid as dopant agent into the reactional medium. Surface and Coatings Technology 1999; 122 (1): 3-5. doi: 10.1016/S0257-8972(99)00399- 0
  • 19. Ezzeldin HA, Apblett A, Foutch GL. Synthesis and properties of anion exchangers derived from chloromethyl styrene codivinylbenzene and their use in water treatment. International Journal of Polymer Science 2010; 2010: 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2010/684051
  • 20. Sharma S, Dinda M, Sharma CR, Ghosh PK. A safer route for preparation of anion exchange membrane from inter-polymer film and performance evaluation in electrodialytic application. Journal of Membrane Science 2014; 459: 122-131. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.011
  • 21. Hassanvand A, Wei K, Talebi S, Chen GQ, Kentish SE. The role of ion exchange membranes in membrane capacitive deionisation. Membranes 2017; 7 (3): 54. doi: 10.3390/membranes7030054
  • 22. Guo R, Wang B, Jia Y, Wang M. Development of acid block anion exchange membrane by structure design and its possible application in waste acid recovery. Separation and Purification Technology 2017; 186: 188-196. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.006
  • 23. Mark JE. Polymer Data Handbook. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • 24. Chiou W, Yang D, Han J, Lee S. Synthesis and characterization of composites of polyaniline and polyurethanemodified epoxy. Polymer International 2006; 55 (11): 1222-1229. doi: 10.1002/pi.2066
  • 25. Chiou W, Han J, Lee S. Synthesis and studies of the physical properties of polyaniline and polyurethane-modified epoxy composites. Polymer Engineering & Science 2008; 48 (2): 345-354. doi: 10.1002/pen.20944
  • 26. Yoshikawa H, Hino T, Kuramoto N. Effect of temperature and moisture on electrical conductivity in polyaniline/polyurethane (PANI/PU) blends. Synthetic Metals 2006; 156 (18-20): 1187-1193. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2006.08.007
  • 27. Kausar A, Hussain ST. Mechanically and thermally stable blends of poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene) with conducting poly(thiourea-azo-naphthyl). Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2013; 31 (12): 1623-1631. doi: 10.1007/s10118- 013-1344-2
  • 28. Ho KS, Hsieh KH, Huang SK, Hsieh TH. Polyurethane-based conducting polymer blends: I. Effect of chain extender. Synthetic Metals 1999; 107 (1): 65-73. doi: 10.1016/S0379-6779(99)00144-7
  • 29. Bandekar J, Klima S. FT-IR spectroscopic studies of polyurethanes Part I. Bonding between urethane COC groups and the NH Groups. Journal of Molecular Structure 1991; 263: 45-57. doi: 10.16/0022-2860(91)80054-8
  • 30. Xiao S, Chen M, Dong L, Deng C, Chen, L et al. Thermal degradation, flame retardance and mechanical properties of thermoplastic polyurethane composites based on aluminum hypophosphite. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2013; 32 (1): 98-107. doi: 10.1007/s10118-014-1378-0
  • 31. Lakouraj MM, Rahpaima G, Zare EN. Effect of functionalized magnetite nanoparticles and diaminoxanthone on the curing, thermal degradation kinetic and corrosion property of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A-based epoxy resin. Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2014; 32 (11): 1489-1499. doi: 10.1007/s10118-014-1535-5
  • 32. Fan Q, Zhang X, Qin Z. Preparation of polyaniline/polyurethane fibers and their piezoresistive property. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 2011; 51 (4): 736-746. doi: 10.1080/00222348.2011.609795
  • 33. Noble RD, Stern SA. Membrane separations technology. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 1995.
  • 34. Bernardes AM, Rodrigues MAS, Ferreira JZ. General aspects of electrodialysis, In: Bernardes AM, Rodrigues MAS, Ferreira JZ (editors). Electrodialysis and Water Reuse. Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 2014, pp. 11-23.