___

• Ito et al., 2008; Essers et al., 2009
• All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)
• Inhibition of ALDH activity
• Croker et al., 2012 Curcumin
• Inhibition of cell migration, invasion, and colony formation in vitro and tumor
• growth and liver metastasis in vivo; inhibitor of EMT
• Chen CC et al., 2013; Chen
• WC et al., 2013 Niclosamide
• Inhibition of stemness signaling pathways (Wnt, Notch, and Hh)
• Wang et al., 2013 Metformin
• Inhibition of tumor growth
• Hirsch et al., 2009 Piperine Sulforaphane
• Inhibition mammosphere formation and percent of ALDH+ cells
• Decreased ALDH+ cell population and reduced size and number of primary mammospheres
• Kakarala et al., 2010
• Li et al., 2010 Cyclopamine Salinomycin
• Inhibition of Hh signaling pathway
• Inhibition of tumorsphere formation and expression of Oct-4, Nanog, and Sox2
• Inhibition of mammary tumor growth in vivo and induction of increased
• epithelial differentiation of tumor cells, loss of expression of breast cancer stem
• cell genes identified from breast tissues isolated directly from patients
• Bar et al., 2007 Wang, 2011
• Gupta et al., 2009 Silibinin
• Inhibition of self-renewal and sphere formation by suppressing the PP2Ac/AKT Ser473/mTOR pathway
• Wang et al., 2012 Resveratrol 
• Inhibition of pluripotency maintaining factors and EMT
• Shankar et al., 2011
• Table CSC clinical trials. This table was generated from the website clinicaltrials.gov. Study number Year Title Recruitment
• Clinical trial number #1 2006
• Isolation and Characterization of Mammary Stem Cells Completed NCT00340392 #2 2008
• Biopsy of Human Tumors for Cancer Stem Cell Characterization: A Feasibility Study Completed NCT00610415 #3 #4 2011
• Impact of Pretreatment With Metformin on Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells (CCSC) and Related
• Pharmacodynamic Markers Recruiting Terminated NCT01440127 #5 2011
• Cancer Stem Cell Biomarkers as a Predictor of Response to Trastuzumab in Samples from
• Patients with Breast Cancer Previously Treated in the NSABP-B-31 Trial Active, not recruiting #6 2011
• Cancer Stem Cell Markers and Prognostic Markers in Circulating Tumor Cells Recruiting NCT01286883 #7 2012
• Invasiveness and Chemoresistance of Cancer Stem Cells in Colon Cancer Recruiting NCT01577511 #8 2013
• A Comprehensive Study to Isolate Tumor-Initiating Cells from Human Epithelial Malignancies Recruiting NCT01060319 #9 2013
• Cancer Stem Cells in Multiple Myeloma Recruiting NCT01820546 #10 2014
• The Immunotherapy of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Using Cancer Stem Cells Vaccine Recruiting NCT02115958 #11 2014
• Cancer Stem Cells Vaccine Therapy in Treating Hepatocellular Cancer Patients Recruiting NCT02089919 #12 2014
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