Muhammad MAQSOOD, Muhammad Asif SHEHZAD, Syed N. Azam ALI, Munawar IQBAL

Rice cultures and nitrogen rate effects on yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Field studies in 2010 and 2011 were conducted to evaluate the effect of variable nitrogen rates (0-100 kg N ha-1) and culture methods (transplanted and direct) on chlorophyll contents, yield, grain quality, and economics in rice crop (Oryza sativa L. 'Basmati-385'). Transplanted rice gave a significantly higher paddy yield of 19.18% versus direct-seeded crop. Nitrogen application at 100 kg N ha-1 provided a maximum paddy yield (4.39 and 4.67 t ha-1) in both years. The rice kernel characteristics were also affected by culture methods and nitrogen levels. In addition, return variable cost in the transplanted rice increased by 22.27% over direct-seeded rice. Regarding quality, the amylose (24.35%) and protein (8.56%) contents were also higher in transplanted rice as compared to direct seeding at 100 kg N ha-1 application. The lowest amylose contents were recorded in N0 (23.55%) and N1 (23.69%) treatments, and amylase contents were also found lower in N0 and N1 in the direct seeding method. The nitrogen rate and cultures method also affect the chlorophyll contents positively in transplanted plants at higher level of nitrogen. From the results, it is concluded that under the climatic conditions of Faisalabad, Pakistan, higher paddy yield and yield components, as well as greater economic benefits, can be obtained for the transplanted method at 100 kg N ha-1 nitrogen application as compared to the direct seeding method.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Key words: Rice culture, planting methods, nitrogen application, yield, quality, amylose content, Oryza sativa L.

Rice cultures and nitrogen rate effects on yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Keywords:

Key words: Rice culture, planting methods, nitrogen application, yield, quality, amylose content, Oryza sativa L.,

PDF

___

Ahmad S, Zia-ul-Haq M, Ali H, Ahmad A, Khan M, Khaliq T, Husnain Z, Hussain A, Hoogenboom G (2009). Morphological and quality parameters of Oryza Sativa L. as affected by population dynamics, nitrogen fertilization and irrigation regimes. Pak J Bot 41: 1259–1269.
Ahmed M, Khalid ZM (1985). Some studies on the grain quality characteristics of rice. Sarhad J Agric 1: 123–128.
Akhgari H, Kaviani B (2011). Assessment of direct seeded and transplanting methods of rice cultivars in the northern part of Iran. Afr J Agric Res 6: 6492–6498.
Balasubramanian V, Ladha JK, Gupta RK, Naresh RK, Mehla RS, Bijay-Singh, Yadvinder-Singh (2003). Technology options for rice in the rice-wheat system in South Asia. In: Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat System: Issues and Impacts (Eds. JK Ladha, JE Hill, JM Duxbury, RK Gupta, RJ Buresh). ASA Special Publication 65, ASA Inc., CSSA Inc., SSSA Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
Bhattacharyya HC, Singh KN (1992). Response of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa) to level and time of nitrogen application. Indian J Agron 37: 681–684.
Bhuiyan SI, Sattar MA, Khan MAK (1995). Improving water use efficiency in rice irrigation through wet seeding. Irrig Sci 16: 1–
Dawe D (2005). Increasing water productivity in rice-based systems in Asia: past trends, current problems, and future prospects. Plant Prod Sci 8: 221–230.
Dingkuhn M, DeDatta SK, Pampola R, Jevellana C, Schnier H (1992). Effect of late-season N fertilization on photosynthesis and yield of transplanted and direct seeded tropical flooded rice. A canopy stratification study. Field Crop Abs 45: 4362.
Farooq M, Basra SMA, Ahmed N (2007). Improving the performance of transplanted rice by seed priming. Plant Growth Regul 51: 129–137.
Farooq M, Basra SMA, Ahmed N, Murtaza G (2009). Enhancing the performance of transplanted coarse rice by seed priming. Paddy Water Environ 7: 55–63.
Furuya H, Tubaki K, Matsumoto T, Fuji S, Naito H (2005). Deleterious effects of fungi isolated from paddy soils on seminal root of rice. J Gener Plant Pathol 71: 333–339.
Gupta RK, Naresh RK, Hobbs PR, Jiaguo Z, Ladha JK (2003). Sustainability of post-green revolution agriculture. The ricewheat cropping systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains and China. In: Improving the Productivity and Sustainability of Rice-Wheat System: Issues and Impacts (Eds. JK Ladha, JE Hill, JM Duxbury, RK Gupta, RJ Buresh). ASA Special Publication 65, ASA Inc., CSSA Inc., SSSA Inc., Madison, WI, USA.
Haq Z, Jamil Y, Irum S, Randhawa MA, Iqbal M, Amin N (2012). Enhancement in the germination, seedling growth and yield of radish (Raphanus sativus) using seed pre-sowing magnetic field treatment. Pol J Environ Stud 21: 369–374.
Inayatullah-Awan HK, Chaudhry FM (1989). Comparative study of direct seeding and transplanting methods on the grain yield of rice. Sarhad J Agric 5: 119–124.
Iqbal M, Zia ul Haq, Jamil Y, Ahmad MR (2012). Effect of presowing magnetic treatment on properties of pea. Int Agrophys 26: 25–
IRRI (1985). International Rice Research Institute: 25 Years of Partnership. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, the Philippines.
IRRI (1997). Rice Almanac, 2nd ed. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, the Philippines.
Jamil Y, Zia ul Haq, Iqbal M, Jamil T, Amin N (2012). Enhancement in growth and yield of mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using magnetic field treatment. Int Agrophys 26: 375–380.
Juliano BO, Onate LU, DebMundo AM (1965). Relation of starch compaction, protein content, and gelatinization in temperature to the cooking quality of milled rice. Food Technol 19: 1006– 10
Kang MY, Heo KH, Kim JH, Cho SS, Seo PD, Rico C, LEE SC (2012). Effects of carbonized rice hull and wood charcoal mixed with pyroligneous acid on the yield, and antioxidant and nutritional quality of rice. Turk J Agric For 36: 45–53.
Khan Z, Tahmida Begum Z, Mandal R, Hossain M (1994). Cyanobacteria in rice soils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 10: 296–298.
Kukal SS, Aggarwal GC (2002). Percolation losses of water in relation to puddling intensity and depth in sandy loam rice (Oryza sativa) field. Agric Water Manage 57: 49–59.
Nagato K, Chaudhary FM (1969). A comparative study of ripening process and kernel development in Japonica Indica rice. Proc. Crop Sci Soc Japan 38: 425–433.
Naklang K (1997). Direct seeding for rainfed lowland rice in Thailand. In: Breeding Strategies for Rainfed Lowland Rice in Drought-Prone Environments. ACIAR Proceedings No. 77 (Eds. S Fukai, M Cooper, J Salisbury). ACIAR, Canberra, pp. 126–136.
Naz A, Jamil Y, Zia ul Haq, Iqbal M, Ahmad MR, Ashraf MI, Ahmad R (2012). Enhancement in the germination, growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) using pre-sowing magnetic treatment of seeds. Ind J Biochem Biophys 49: 211–214.
Nourbakhshian SJ (2000). Function comparison of rice varieties in direct seeded and transplanting methods. Iran Agric Sci J 2: 25–
Pandey S, Mortimer M, Wade I, Tuong TP, Lopez K, Hardy B (2002). Direct Seeding: Research Strategies and Opportunities. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, the Philippines.
Pantuwan G, Fukai S, Cooper M, Rajatasereekul S, O’Toole JC (2002). Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotype to different types of drought under rainfed lowlands. Part 1. Grain yield and yield components. Field Crops Res 73: 153–168.
Perveen R, Jamil Y, Ashraf M, Ali Q, Iqbal M, Ahmad MR (2011). HeNe laser-induced improvement in biochemical, physiological, growth and yield characteristics in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Photochem Photobiol 87: 1453–1463.
Raghuwanshi RKS, Paradkar VK, Gupta RK, Jain SC (1986). Effect of plant spacing and nitrogen on the yield of rice on sodic black clay soil. Indian J Agron 31: 428–429.
Shahzad K, Shehzad MA, Iqbal M, Arif M (2012). Response of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes to soil and foliar application of boron. Asian J Pharma Biol Res 2: 65–72.
Shehzad MA, Iqbal M, Arif M, Ahmed N, Areeb A (2012a). Weed control and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield under application of different post-emergence herbicides. Int Res J Agric Sci Soil Sci 2: 133–141.
Shehzad MA, Nadeem MA, Iqbal M (2012b). Weed control and yield attributes against post emergence herbicides application in wheat crop, Punjab, Pakistan. Global Advan Res J Agric Sci 1: 7–
Sidhu GS (1989). Quality rice for export purpose. In: Annual AICRIP Workshop Held at Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India, pp. 19–22.
Singh RK, Pande RC, Namdee KN (1981). Response of Ratna to methods of planting and nitrogen levels. Oryza 18: 182–183.
Steel RGD, Torrie JH, Dicky DA (1997). Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach, 3rd ed. McGraw Hill, New York.
Tohidi M, Sadeghi M, Mousavi SR, Mireei SA (2012). Artificial neural network modeling of process and product indices in deep bed drying of rough rice. Turk J Agric For 36: 738–748.