Evaluation of native entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae in soil
Turkey is the world's largest producer of sweet cherries. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a major pest of sweet cherry crops in Europe and Turkey. The detection of only one larva in the fruit by the processor can result in the rejection of the entire crop of that orchard and/or farm as \"wormy\" and unmarketable. The main control tactic for R. cerasi is to prevent the females from laying eggs in the fruit. Currently, only a few insecticides are being used, and their application is debatable due to problems with residual ecotoxicity for humans and beneficial organisms. As an alternative to using insecticides for the reduction of adult populations, 4 indigenous entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae (Anamur isolate), S. feltiae (Rize isolate), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Ekecik isolate), and H. marelatus (Ankara isolate), were bioassayed against last-instar R. cerasi larvae at different temperatures (10, 15, and 25 °C) and nematode concentrations (0, 100, 500, and 1000 IJs/larva). Temperature and nematode concentration had a significant effect on the efficacy of nematode species. S. feltiae was the most virulent species at all temperatures and nematode concentrations. Only S. feltiae showed higher than 40% mortality at low temperatures (10 and 15 °C). At 25 °C, S. feltiae caused 95% mortality, followed by H. marelatus (82%) and H. bacteriophora (76%), at 1000 IJs/larva concentration. Our results indicate that R. cerasi larvae are highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematode infection. In particular, S. feltiae has high potential for reducing last-instar larval populations, thus decreasing the adult population in the spring.
Evaluation of native entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae in soil
Turkey is the world's largest producer of sweet cherries. The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a major pest of sweet cherry crops in Europe and Turkey. The detection of only one larva in the fruit by the processor can result in the rejection of the entire crop of that orchard and/or farm as \"wormy\" and unmarketable. The main control tactic for R. cerasi is to prevent the females from laying eggs in the fruit. Currently, only a few insecticides are being used, and their application is debatable due to problems with residual ecotoxicity for humans and beneficial organisms. As an alternative to using insecticides for the reduction of adult populations, 4 indigenous entomopathogenic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae (Anamur isolate), S. feltiae (Rize isolate), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Ekecik isolate), and H. marelatus (Ankara isolate), were bioassayed against last-instar R. cerasi larvae at different temperatures (10, 15, and 25 °C) and nematode concentrations (0, 100, 500, and 1000 IJs/larva). Temperature and nematode concentration had a significant effect on the efficacy of nematode species. S. feltiae was the most virulent species at all temperatures and nematode concentrations. Only S. feltiae showed higher than 40% mortality at low temperatures (10 and 15 °C). At 25 °C, S. feltiae caused 95% mortality, followed by H. marelatus (82%) and H. bacteriophora (76%), at 1000 IJs/larva concentration. Our results indicate that R. cerasi larvae are highly susceptible to entomopathogenic nematode infection. In particular, S. feltiae has high potential for reducing last-instar larval populations, thus decreasing the adult population in the spring.
___
- Başaran MS, Özdem A (2013). Weed species and their management in organic sweet cherry production in Isparta (Eğirdir) province. In: Kovacevic D, editor. Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific Symposium ‘Agrosym 2013’, 3–6 October 2013; Jahorina, Bosna and Herzegovina. Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: University of East Sarajevo, p. 63.
- Daniel C, Wyss E (2009). Susceptibility of different life stages of the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi, to entomopathogenic fungi. J Appl Entomol 133: 473–483.
- Dowds BCA, Peters A (2002). Virulence mechanisms. In: Gaugler R, editor. Entomopathogenic Nematology. 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: CABI Publishing, pp. 79–98.
- Grewal PS, Lewis EE, Gaugler R, Campbell JF (1994). Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 108: 207–215.
- Griffin CT, Boemare NE, Lewis EE (2005). Biology and behaviour. In: Grewal, PS, Ehlers RU, Shapiro-Ilan DI, editors. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. 1st ed. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing, pp. 47–59.
- Hazır S, Kaya HK, Stock SP, Keskin N (2003). Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turk J Biol 27: 181–202.
- Hazir S, Stock SP, Kaya HK, Koppenhöfer AM, Keskin N (2001). Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Steinernematidae). J Invertebr Pathol 77: 243–250.
- Karagoz M, Gulcu B, Hazir S, Kaya HK (2009a). Laboratory evaluation of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of the chestnut pests, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia splendana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Sci Techn 19: 755–768.
- Karagoz M, Gulcu B, Hazir C, Kaya HK, Hazir S (2009b). Biological control potential of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Phytoparasitica 37: 153–159.
- Katsoyannos BI (1976). Female attraction to males in Rhagoletis cerasi (Diptera-Tephritidae). Environ Entomol 5: 474–476.
- Kaya HK, Gaugler R (1993). Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annu Rev Entomol 38: 181–206.
- Kaya HK, Stock PS (1997). Techniques in insect nematology. In: Lacey LA, editor. Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology. 1st ed. London, UK: Academic Press, pp. 281–324.
- Köppler K, Peters A, Vogt H (2003). Initial results in the application of entomopathogenic nematodes against the European cherry fruit fly Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae). IOBC/ WPRS Bulletin 23: 13–18.
- Kovanci OB, Kovanci B (2006). Effect of altitude on seasonal flight activity of Rhagoletis cerasi flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). B Entomol Res 96: 345–351.
- Lewis EE (2002). Behavioural ecology. In: Gaugler R editor. Entomopathogenic Nematology. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 205–223.
- Lewis EE, Campbell J, Griffin C, Kaya HK, Peters A (2006). Behavioral ecology of entomopathogenic nematodes. Biol Control 38: 66–79.
- Özdem A, Kılınçer N (2008). The biology of the European cherry fruit fly [Rhagoletis cerasi L. (Diptera: Tephritidae)]. In: Eris A, Burak M, editors. Proceedings of the 5th International Cherry Symposium, 6–10 June 2005; Bursa, Turkey. Leuven, Belgium: International Society for Horticultural Science, pp. 897–904.
- Özdem A, Kılınçer N (2009). The effectiveness of the trap types and lures used for mass trapping to control cherry fruit fly [Rhagoletis cerasi (L., 1758)] (Diptera: Tephritidae). M Entomol Zool 4: 371–377.
- Sirjani FO, Lewis EE, Kaya HK (2009). Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes against the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biol Control 48: 274–280.
- Stark JEP, Lacey LA (1999). Susceptibility of Western fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) to five species of entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory studies. J Invertebr Pathol 74: 206–208.
- Yee W, Lacey LA (2003). Stage-specific mortality of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae) exposed to three species of Steinernema nematodes. Biol Control 27: 349–356.