Javaid IQBAL, Faisal ISHTIAQ, Abdulaziz S. ALQARNI, Ayman A. OWAYSS

Evaluation of larvicidal efficacy of indigenous plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) under laboratory conditions

The present study focused on the insecticidal potential of easily available local botanicals using a simple but effective method. Seven indigenous plants (Cinnamomum tamala (taiz pat), Aloe vera (aloe vera), Datura alba (datura), Allium sativum (garlic), Allium cepa (onion), Zingiber officinale (ginger), and Ocimum basilicum (niazbo/basil) were tested for their larvicidal efficacy against Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) under laboratory conditions. The evaluation of a series of five concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%) of aqueous plant extracts against the 4th instar larvae revealed convincing larval mortality effects at 24 and 48 h after exposure. Larval mortality showed a significant concentration-dependent correlation. No mortality was observed in the control. The LC50 values demonstrated garlic as the most effective (1.37%), followed by taiz pat (1.48%) and aloe vera (1.96%), at 24 h. Moreover, the LC50 at 48 h showed high efficiency by aloe vera (0.37%), followed by garlic (0.55%) and taiz pat (0.98%). The sequence of LC50 values for the other plants were onion (2.20%) < datura (2.49%) < niazbo (5.32%) < ginger (7.48%) after 24 h and datura (1.13%) < niazbo (1.17%) < onion (1.24%) < ginger (2.43%) after 48 h. Taken together, the aqueous extracts of all plants exhibited potential efficacy against C. quinquefasciatus larvae and could be considered as potent natural larvicidal agents. These plants may be recommended for use in mosquito management programs as potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides. The simple aqueous extraction method is easy and inexpensive and can be used at the home level for mosquito management.

Keywords:

Aqueous extracts, botanicals, larvicidal activity, mosquito,

PDF

___

Abbott WS (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol 18: 256-257.
Akram W, Khan HA, Hafeez F, Bilal H, Kim YK, Lee JJ (2010). Potential of citrus seed extracts against dengue fever mosquito Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Culicidae: Diptera). Pak J Bot 42: 3343-3348.
Al-Mehmadi RM, Al-Khalaf AA (2010). Larvicidal and histological effects of Melia azedrach extract on Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae (Diptera: Culicidae). J King Saud Uni Sci 22: 77-85.
Al-Mekhlafi FA (2018). Larvicidal ovicidal activities and histopathological alterations induced by Carum copticum (Apiaceae) extract against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi J Biol Sci 25: 52-56.
Arivoli S, Tennyson S, Martin JJ (2011). Larvicidal efficacy of Vernonia cinerea (L.) (Asteraceae) leaf extracts against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). J Biopest 4: 37-42.
Ashfaq M, Ashfaq U (2012). Evaluation of mosquitocidal activity of water extract of Moringa oleifera seeds against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Pakistan. Pak Entomol 34: 21-26.
Ashfaq M, Hebert PDN, Mirza JH, Khan AM, Zafar Y, Mirza MS (2014). Analyzing mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) diversity in Pakistan by DNA barcoding. PLoS One 9: e97268.
Azmi MA, Naqvi SNH, Akhtar K, Moinuddin Parveen S, Parveen R, Aslam M (2009). Effect of pesticide residues on health and blood parameters of farm workers from rural Gadap Karachi Pakistan. J Environ Bio 30: 7747-756.
Bilal H, Hassan SA (2012). Plants secondary metabolites for mosquito control. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2: 168-168.
Carvalho FP (2017). Pesticide environment and food safety. Food Energy Secur 6: 48-60.
Cheng SS, Liu JY, Huang CG, Hsui YR, Chen WJ, Chang ST (2009). Insecticidal activities of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum osmophloeum against three mosquito species. Biores Tech 100: 457-464.
Crans WJ (2004). A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States. J Vector Ecol 29: 1-10.
Das NG, Goswami D, Rabha B (2007). Preliminary evaluation of mosquito larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts. J Vector Borne Dis 44: 145-8.
Eliman MA, Elmalik KH, Ali FS (2009). Efficacy of leaves extract of Calotropis procera Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) in controlling Anopheles arabiensis and Culex quinoquefasciatus mosquito. Saudi J Biol Sci 16: 95-100.
Finney DJ (1971). Probit Analysis: A Statistical Treatment of the Sigmoid Response Curves. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Ghosh A, Chowdhury N, Chandra G (2012). Plant extracts as potential mosquito larvicides. Indian J Med Res 135: 581-598.
Gokulakrishnan J, Baranitharanb M, Dhanasekaranb S, Kavikuyil R, Abirami R, Deepa J, Kumar B (2015). Mosquito larvicidal properties of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Lamiaceae) against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) Anopheles stephensi (Liston) Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Life Sci Arch 1: 46-52.
Isman MB (2006). Botanical insecticides deterrents and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world. Annu Rev Entomol 51: 45-66.
Joseph CC, Ndoile MM, Malima RC, Nkunya MHH (2004). Larvicidal and mosquitocidal extracts a coumarin isoflavonoids and pterocarpans from Neorautanenia mitis . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 451-455.
Kalimuthu K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Hwang JS (2012). Mosquito larvicidal activity of Cadaba indica lam leaf extract against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti . Asian J Plant Sci Res 2: 663-637.
Kalu IG, Ofoegbu U, Eroegbusi J, Nwachukwu CU, Ibeh B (2010). Larvicidal activities of ethanol extract of Allium sativum (garlic bulb) against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus . J Med Plants Res 4: 496-498.
Khair-ul-Bariyah S, Ahmed D, Ikram M (2012). Ocimum basilicum : a review on phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Pak J Chem 2: 78-85.
Khanna VG, Kannabiran K (2007). Larvicidal effect of Hemidesmus indicus Gymnema sylvestre and Eclipta prostrata against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito larvae. Afr J Biotechnol 6: 307-311.
Kishore N, Mishra BB, Tiwari VK, Tripathi V, Lall N (2013). Natural products as leads to potential mosquitocides. Phytochem Rev 13: 587-627.
Langat KB, Siele DK, Wainaina C, Wandawiro CM, Ondicho J, Tonui WK, Anjili C, Irei L N, Mutai CK (2012). Larvicidal effect of Mundulea sericea (Leguminosaea) plant extract against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Afr J Pharmacol Ther 1: 106- 109.
Lee SE, Kim JE, Lee HS (2001). Insecticide resistance in increasing interest. J Appl Biol Chem 44: 105-112.
Maurya P, Sharma P, Mohan L, Batabyal L, Srivastava CN (2009). Evaluation of the toxicity of different phytoextracts of Ocimum basilicum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. J Asia Pac Entomol 12: 113-115.
Mdoe FP, Cheng SS, Msangi S, Nkwengulila1 G, Chang ST, Kweka EJ (2014). Activity of Cinnamomum osmophloeum leaf essential oil against Anopheles gambiae s.s. Parasit Vectors 7: 209.
Nasir S, Nasir I, Yousaf I, Zaib I (2015). Larvicidal and pupicidal action of kitchen used plant extracts against Culex mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). J Glob Innov Agric Soc Sci 3: 68-71.
Ndakidemi B, Mtei K, Ndakidemi PA (2016). Impacts of synthetic and botanical pesticides on beneficial insects. Agric Sci 7: 364- 372.
Pavela R (2016). History presence and perspective of using plant extracts as commercial botanical insecticides and farm products for protection against insects - A review. Plant Protect Sci 52: 229-241.
Pushpanathan T, Jebanesan A, Govindarajan M (2008a). Larvicidal efficacy of certain plant essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Exp Zool India 11: 59- 160.
Pushpanathan T, Jebanesan A, Govindarajan M (2008b). The essential oil of Zingiber officinalis Linn (Zingiberaceae) as a mosquito larvicidal and repellent agent against the filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 102: 1289-1291.
Raveen R, Kamakshi KT, Deepa M, Arivoli S, Tennyson S (2014). Larvicidal activity of Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae) flower extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Int J Mosq Res 1: 38-42.
Remia KM, Logaswamy S (2010). Larvicidal efficacy of leaf extract of two botanicals against the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J Nat Prod Resour 1: 208-212.
Rozendaal JA (1997). Mosquitos and other biting Diptera vectors of malaria leishmaniasis filariasis onchocerciasis dengue yellow fever and other diseases. In: Rozendaal JA, editor. Vector Control Methods for Use by Individuals and Communities. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, pp. 7-177.
Samidurani K, Jebanesan A, Saravanakumar A, Govindarajan M, Pushpanathan T (2009). Larvicidal, ovicidal and repellent activities of Pemphis acidula Forst. (Lythraceae) against filarial and dengue vector mosquitoes. Acad J Entomol 2: 62-66.
Samuel T, Jayakumar M, William SJ (2007). Culex mosquito: an overview. In: William DSJ, editor. Defeating the Public Enemy, the Mosquito: A Real Challenge. Chennai, India: Loyola College Publications, pp. 95-116.
Sattar M, Iqbal MN, Ashraf A, Ali S, Shahzad MI, Alam S, Ali T, Sheikh R (2016). Larvicidal efficacy of Citrus sinensis extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus . PSM Microbiol 1: 56-61.
Service M (2004). Medical Entomology for Students. 3rd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sharma P, Mohan L, Srivastava CN (2006). Phytoextract-induced developmental deformities in malaria vector. Bioresour Technol 97: 1599-1604.
Shivakuma SM, Srinivasan R, Natarajan D (2013). Larvicidal potential of some Indian medicinal plant extract against Aedes aegypti (L.). Asian J Pharm Clin Res 6: 77-88.
Singh NP, Kumari V, Chauhan D (2003). Mosquito larvicidal properties of the leaf extract of an herbaceous plant Ocimum canum (Family: Labiatae). J Commun Dis 35: 43-45.
Singha S, Chandra G (2011). Mosquito larvicidal activity of some common spices and vegetable waste on Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi . Asian Pac J Trop Med 4: 288-293.
Subramaniam J, Kovendan K, Kumar PM, Murugan K, Walton W (2012). Mosquito larvicidal activity of Aloe vera (Family: Liliaceae) leaf extract and Bacillus sphaericus against Chikungunya vector Aedes aegypti . Saudi J Bio Sci 19: 503-509.
Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh SK, Pradeep AS (2012). Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 4: 25-27.
Tariq MI, Afzal S, Hussain I, Sultana N (2007). Pesticides exposure in Pakistan: a review. Environ Int 33: 1107-1122.
Ubulom PME, Imandeh GN, Ettebong EO, Udobi CE (2012). Potential larvicidal properties of Blighia sapida leaf extracts against larvae of An. gambiae , Cu. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti . Br J Pharm Res 2: 259-268.
Vasugi C, Kamalakannan S, Murugan K (2013). Toxicity effect of Delonix elata (Yellow Gulmohr) and predatory efficiency of copepod Mesocyclops aspericornis for the control of dengue vector Aedes aegypti. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 3: 119-126.
Verma RK, Saxena AK, Rajarajan S (2013). Larvicidal activity of Aloe vera extract on Culex salinarius . Curr Res Microbiol Biotechnol 1: 124-126.
Wajiha RA, Afridi H, Saeed K (2017). Prevalence of Culex , Aedes , Anopheles and Armigeres mosquitoes at selected localities of district Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Int J Mosq Res 4: 128-134.
WHO (2005). Guidelines for Laboratory and Field Testing of Mosquito Larvicides. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
WHO (2006). Pesticides and Their Application for the Control of Vectors and Pests of Public Health Importance. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Zacharia JT (2011). Ecological effects of pesticides. In: Stoytcheva M, editor. Pesticides in the Modern World - Risks and Benefits. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech Open Publisher, pp. 129-142.
Zhu J, Zeng X, O’Neal M, Schultz G, Tucker B, Coats J, Bartholomay L, Xue RD (2008). Mosquito larvicidal activity of botanical- based mosquito repellents. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 24: 161- 168.