Effects of wheel traffic and farmyard manure applications on soil CO 2 emission and soil oxygen content
This 2-year field study investigated the effects of different wheel traffic passes, manure amounts, and manure application methods on soil temperature, soil moisture, CO2 emission, and soil O2 content. To achieve this purpose, three different wheel traffic applications (no traffic, one pass, and two passes) were used. In the experiments, two different methods of manure applications (surface and subsurface) and three different farmyard manure amounts were used with a control plot (N0), 40 Mg ha-1 (N40), and 80 Mg ha-1 (N80). Manure was applied in both years of the experiment in the first week of April. For the subsurface application, the manure was mixed in at approximately 10 cm of soil depth with a rotary tiller. According to the results, soil temperature, soil moisture, penetration resistance, and bulk density increased with increasing wheel traffic except CO2 emission for 2014 and 2015. CO2 emission values decreased with traffic. Subsurface manure application caused more CO2 emission compared to surface application. The increase in manure amounts led to an increase in CO2 emission and soil moisture content. The effects on soil O2 content were observed only during 2015. Maximum oxygen values were obtained in the plots where compaction was not applied. In addition, surface manure application caused more soil O2 content compared to subsurface application.
___
- Akbolat D (2009). The effect of scrapper usage on soil CO
2
emission during the seedbed preparation. Süleyman Demirel
Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 4: 23-30 (in Turkish with
abstract in English).
- Altıkat S (2013). Effects of aggregate size and compaction level
on CO
2
-C fluxes and microbial populations. Journal of the
Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University 30: 55-61.
- Altikat S, Celik A, Bilen S (2012). Effects of various tillage systems on
soil CO
2
-C fluxes and on bacteria and fungi populations in Zea
mays. Afr J Agr Res 7: 2926-2934.
- Altıkat S, Çelik A, Turgut N (2006). The effects of different soil
particle size distribution and seed row compaction levels on
the germination and yield of spring wheat. Atatürk Üniversitesi
Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 37: 197-205 (in Turkish with abstract
in English).
- Bakker DM, Davis RJ (1995). Soil deformation observations in a
Vertisol under field traffic. Soil Res 33: 817-832.
- Balbuena RH, Terminiello AM, Claverie JA, Casado JP, Marlats
R (2000). Soil compaction by forestry harvester operation:
evolution of physical properties. Rev Bras Eng Agr Amb 4:
453-459.
- Beylich A, Oberholzer HR, Schrader S, Höper H, Wilke BM (2010).
Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil
biological processes in soils. Soil Tillage Res 109: 133-143.
- Bilen S, Çelik A, Altıkat S (2010). Effects of strip and full-width
tillage on soil carbon IV oxide-carbon (CO
2
-C) fluxes and on
bacterial and fungal populations in sunflower. Afr J Biotechnol
9: 6312-6319.
- Bouwman AF, Boumans LJM, Batjes NH (2002). Emissions of
N
2
O and NO from fertilized fields: summary of available
measurement data. Glob. Biogeoch Cyc 16: 1058-1071.
- Çelik A, Altıkat S (2010). Effects of various strip widths and tractor
forward speeds in strip tillage on soil physical properties and
yield of silage corn. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 16: 169-
179.
- Daverede IC, Kravchenko AN, Hoeft RG, Nafziger ED, Bullock
DG, Warren JJ, Gonzini LC (2004). Phosphorus runoff from
incorporated and surface applied liquid swine manure and
phosphorus manure. J Environ Qual 33: 1535-1544.
- Dong Y, Ouyang Z (2005). Effects of organic manures on CO
2
and
CH
4
fluxes of farmland. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 16: 1303-
1307 (in Chinese with abstract in English).
- Fangueiro D, Senbayran M, Trindade H, Chadwick D (2008). Cattle
slurry treatment by screw press separation and chemically
enhanced settling: effect on greenhouse gas emissions after
land spreading and grass yield. Bioresource Tech 99: 7132-
7142.
- Goutal F, Parent P, Bonnaud J, Demaison G, Nourrisso D, Epron, J
(2012). Soil CO
2
content and efflux as affected by heavy traffic
in forest in northeast France. Eur J Soil Sci 63: 261-271.
- Gregorich EG, Rochette P, McGuire S, Liang BC, Lessard R (1998).
Soluble organic carbon and carbon dioxide fluxes in maize
fields receiving spring-applied manure. J Environ Qual 27 :
209-214.
- Grigal DF (2000). Effects of extensive forest management on soil
productivity. For Ecol Manage 138: 167-185.
- Grote JB, Al-Kaisi MM (2007). Topsoil placement effect on soil
carbon stock improvement of exposed subsoil in Iowa. J Soil
Water Conserv 62 : 86-93.
- Guérif J, Richard G, Dürr C, Machet JM, Recous S, Roger-Estrade J
(2001). A review of tillage effects on crop residue management,
seedbed conditions and seedling establishment. Soil Tillage
Res 61: 13-32.
- Haynes RJ, Naidu R (1998). Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure
applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical
conditions: a review. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 51: 123-137.
- Jorajuria D, Laura D (2000). Sobrecompactación del suelo agrícola
parte I: influencia diferencial del peso y del número de pasadas.
Rev Bras Eng Agr Amb 4: 445-452 (in Portuguese).
- Kimble MJ, Levine RE, Stewart BA (1995). Soil Management and
Greenhouse Effect (Advances in Soil Science). Boca Raton, FL,
USA: CRC Press.
- Li Q, Allen HL, Arthur G, Wollum AG (2004). Microbial biomass
and bacterial functional diversity in forest soils: effects of
organic matter removal, compaction, and vegetation control.
Soil Tillage Res 36: 571-579.
- Misselbrook TH, Laws JA, Pain BF (1996). Surface application and
shallow injection of cattle slurry on grassland: nitrogen losses,
herbage, yield and nitrogen recoveries. Grass Forage Sci 51:
270-277.
- Mordhorst A, Peth S, Horn R (2014). Influence of mechanical loading
on static and dynamic CO
2
efflux on differently textured and
managed Luvisols. Geoderma 220: 1-13.
- Otten W, Longstaff D, Watts CW (2000). Method to quantify short-
term dynamics in carbon dioxide emission following controlled
soil deformation. Soil Sci Soc Am J 64: 1740-1748.
- Phillips RL (2007). Organic agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions
at subzero soil temperatures. J Environ Qual 36: 23-30.
- Rao DLN, Pathak H (1996). Ameliorative influence of organic
matter on biological activity of salt affected soils. Arid Land
Res Manag 10: 311-319.
- Rengasamy P (2000). Subsoil constraints and agricultural
productivity. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 48: 674-682.
- Rochette P, Gregorich EG (1998). Dynamics of soil microbial
biomass C, soluble organic C and CO
2
evolution after three
years of manure application. Can J Soil Sci 78: 283-290
- Şeker C, Işıldar A (2000). Effects of wheel traffic porosity and
compaction of soil profile. Turk J Agric For 24: 71-77 (in
Turkish with abstract in English).
- Torbert HA, Wood CW (1992). Effects of soil compaction and
water-filled pore space on soil microbial activity and N losses.
Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 23: 1321-1331.
- Usowicz B, Kossowski J, Baranowski P (1996). Spatial variability of
soil thermal properties in cultivated fields. Soil Tillage Res 39:
85-100.
- Whalley WR, Dumitru E, Dexter AR (1995). Biological effects of soil
compaction. Soil Tillage Res 35: 53-68.