Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla Moq.), which is grown as a vegetable in Turkey and well adapted to the Marmara region, was used in our experiments. Provided by a producer, chard seedlings were grown in 6 L plastic bags in a non-heated plastic greenhouse. Starting from the 4-5 true-leaf stage to harvest, sodium chloride (NaCl)-added tap water at 5 different electricity conductivity (EC) values [(0. 4 (tap water, control), 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS/m)] was used as irrigation water. The results showed that the EC of the irrigation water affected some of the morphological and physiological properties of chard. An increase in the EC value of irrigation water led to a decrease in the number of leaves, leaf weight, leaf area, plant length, root length, chlorophyll content and increase in the injury level in the leaves and leaf thickness of Swiss chard. The changes observed upon the application of irrigation water with an EC of 16 dS/m were 50% greater than those observed in the control plants, whereas irrigation water with an EC of 32 dS/m results in severe discoloration and yellowing, but the plant was still alive. Therefore, chard growing can be suggested in agricultural areas with salinity problems.
___
Açıkgöz N. 1984. Field experiment technique. Bornova-İzmir: Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Publications 448, 167 p.
Akdemir B, Kayışoğlu B, Kavdır İ. 1994. Use of MSTAT Statistics Package Program. Tekirdag: Trakya Univ. Agricultural Faculty Publication No:203, Auxiliary Textbook No:7.
Alibaş İ, Okursoy R. 2012. Determination of some technical properties of collards (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala), chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves. Uludag University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 26(1): 39-48. Allen GA, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M. 1998. Crop evapotranspration. Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Dranage Paper 56. ISBN: 92-5-1042-19-5.
Ashraf M. 2004. Some important physiological selection criteria for salt tolerance in plants. Flora, 199: 361-376.
Ashraf M, Foolad M. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ. Exp. Bot., 59(2): 206-216.
Bolkent Ş, Yanardağ R, Tabakoğlu-Oğuz A, Özsoy-Saçan Ö. 2000. Effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. cicla) extract on pancreatic B Cells in Streptozotocindiabetic rats; A Morphological and Biochemical Study. J. Ethnopharmacol., 73(1-2): 251-259.
Deveci M, Arın L, Polat S. 2006. Effect of low temperature on different character of Quickstar F1 and Rapidstar F1 kohlrabi cultivars (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes L.), in different growth stages. VI. Turkey Vegetable Growing Symposium, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey, 19-22 September 2006, pp: 96-101.
Dlugokecka E, Kacperska-Palacz A. 1978. Re-examination of electrical conductivity method for estimation of drought injury. Biol. Plantarum, 20(4): 262-267.
Ekmekçi E, Apan M, Kara T. 2005. The Effect of salinity on plant growth. OMU Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 20(3): 118-125.
Fan S, Blake T. 1994. Abscisic acid induced electrolyte leakage in woody species with contrasting ecological requirements. Physiol. Plantarum, 90: 414-419. Geravandi M, Farshadfar E, Kahrizi D. 2011. Evaluation of some physiological traits as indicators of drought tolerance in bread wheat genotypes. Russ. J. Plant Physl, 58(1): 69-75.
Grieve CM, Grattan SR, Maas EV. 2012. Plant salt tolerance. In: Wallender WW Tanji KK (eds). ASCE Manuel and Reports on Engineering Practice No.71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management. 2nd Edition. ESCE, Reston, VA. pp: 405-459.
Kraft A. 1995. Flachenberechnungeiners W-grafikflaeche packing programme.
Kuşvuran Ş, Yaşar F, Abak K, Ellialtıoğlu Ş. 2008. Changes occur in lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll and ion contents of some salt tolerant and sensitive Cucumis sp. genotypes grown under salinity stress. J. Agric. Sci., 18(1): 13-20.
Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. The Annual Review of Plant Biology, 59: 651-681.
Pokluda R, Kuben J. 2002. Comparison of selected Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla L.) varieties. Hortic. Sci., 29: 114- 118.
Shannon MC, Grieve CM. 1999. Tolerance of vegetable crops to salinity. Sci. Hortic., 78: 5-38.
Shannon MC, Grieve CM, Lesch SM, Draper JH. 2000. Analysis of salt tolerance in nine leafy vegetables irrigated with saline drainage water. J. Amer. Hort. Sci., 125(5): 658-664.
Şalk A, Arin L, Deveci M, Polat S. 2008. Special Vegetables. İstanbul, Turkey: Onur Grafik, Printing and Advertising, 488 p.
Wang Y, Li K, Li X. 2009. Auxin redistribution modulates plastic development of root system architecture under salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Plant Physiol., 166: 1637-1645.