Örgütsel Bağlılık ve İş Doyumu İlişkisinin Meta Analiz Yöntemiyle İncelenmesi

Bu meta analiz çalışmasında örgütsel bağlılık ile iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkiler ele alınmaktadır. Toplam 68 çalışmadan (N = 15108) elde edilen etki büyüklükleri hesaplanmıştır. Bulgular örgütsel bağlılık-iş doyumu, duygusal bağlılık-iş doyumu ve normatif bağlılık-iş doyumu arasında yüksek düzeyde, devam bağlılığı ile iş doyumu arasında ise zayıf düzeyde ilişki olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Düzenleyici değişken analizleri, duygusal bağlılık ile iş doyumu arasındaki ilişkide örgütsel bağlılık ölçeğinin, yaşın ve yayın yanlılığının, normatif bağlılık ile iş doyumu ilişkisinde ise yaşın düzenleyici etkisi olduğunu göstermektedir.

In this meta-analysis, the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction was examined. The effect sizes were calculated from 68 studies (N = 15108). Results showed strong correlations between organizational commitment-job satisfaction, affective commitment-job satisfaction, and normative commitment-job satisfaction relationships, and a weak correlation between continuance commitment and job satisfaction. Moderator analyses showed that organizational commitment scale, age and publication bias were moderator variables in affective commitment-job satisfaction relationship, and age moderated the relationship between normative commitment and job satisfaction.

___

Akar, C. ve Yıldırım, Y. T. (2008). Yöneticilerin örgütsel bağ- lılık, iş tatmini ve rol stres kaynakları arasındaki ilişkiler: Yapısal denklem modeliyle beyaz et sektöründe bir alan uygulaması. Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 97-113.

Allen, N. J. ve Meyer J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.

Arthur, W., Bennett, W. ve Huffcutt, A. I. (2001). Conducting meta-analysis using SAS. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Bateman, T. S. ve Strasser, S. (1984). A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 95-112.

Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35, 232-244.

Becker, T. E. ve Billings, R. S. (1993). Profiles of commitment: An empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 177-190.

Becker, T. E., Billings, R. S., Eveleth, D. M. ve Gilbert, N. L. (1996). Foci and bases of employee commitment: Implications for job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 464-482.

Becker, T. E., Klein, H. J. ve Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in Organizations: Accumulated Wisdom and New Directions. H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker ve J. P. Meyer, (Ed.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions içinde (419-452). NY: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.

Begg, C. B. ve Mazumdar, M. (1994). Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics, 50(4), 1088-1101.

Bentein, K., Stinglhamber, F. ve Vandenberghe, C. (2002). Organization-, supervisor-, and workgroup-directed commitments and citizenship behaviours: A comparison of models. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(3), 341-362.

Bentein, K., Vandenberg, R. J., Vandenberghe, C. ve Stinglhamber, F. (2005). The role of chnage in the relaitonship between commitment and turnover: A latent growth modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 468-482.

Bluedorn, A. C. (1982). A unified model of turnover from organizations. Human Relations, 35, 135-153.

Bowling, N. A. (2014). Job satisfaction, motivation, and performance. M. C. W. Peters, J. de Jong ve T. W. Taris, (Ed.), An introduction to contemporary work psychology içinde (321-341). Chicester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Brief, A. P. ve Roberson, L. (1989). Job attitude organization: An exploratory study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19, 717-727.

Brief, A. P. ve Weiss, H. M. (2002). Affect in the workplace. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 279-307.

Brooke, P. P. (1986). Beyond the Steers and Rhodes model of employee attendance. Academy of Management Review, 11(2), 345-361.

Buchanan, B., II. (1974). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19, 533-546.

Caldwell, D., Chatman, J. ve O'Reilly, C. (1990). Building organizational commitment: A multi-firm study. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 245-261.

Cevahir, H. (2004). Güçlendirici liderlik davranışları ile örgütsel bağlılık ve iş tatmini arasındaki ilişki üzerine bir araştırma. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü, Gebze.

Chen, Z. X. ve Francesco, A. M. (2003). The relationship between the three components of commitment and employee performance in China. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 490-510.

Cohen, A. (1993). Age and tenure in relation to organizational commitment: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 14(2), 143-159.

Cohen, A. (1999). Relationships among five forms of commitment: an empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(3), 285-308.

Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Connolly, J. J. ve Viswesvaran, C. (2000). The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 265-281.

Cook, J. ve Wall, T. D. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need for nonfulfillment. Journal of Organizational and Occupational Psychology, 53, 39-52.

Cooper-Hakim, A. ve Viswesvaran, C. (2005). The construct of work commitment: Testing an integrative framework. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 241-259.

Curry, J. P., Wakefield, D. S., Price, J. L. ve Mueller, C. W. (1986). On the causal ordering of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The Academy of Management Journal, 29(4), 847-858.

Dickersin, K., Min, Y. I. ve Meinert, C. L. (1992). Factors influencing publication of research results: Follow-up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards. Jama, 267(3), 374-378.

Eatough, E. M., Chang, C.-H., Miloslavic, S. A. ve Johnson, R .E. (2011). Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 619-632.

Eisenberger, R., Cummings, J., Armeli, S. ve Lynch, P. (1997). Perceived organizational support, discretionary treatment and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 812-820.

Etzioni, A. (1961). A comparative analysis of complex organizations. New York: Free Press.

Field, A. P. ve Gillett, R. (2010). How to do a meta-analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 63, 665-694.

Fritzsche, B. A. ve Parrish, T. J. (2005). Theories and research on job satisfaction. S. D. Brown ve R. W. Lent, (Ed.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work içinde (180-202). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Gellatly, I. R. (1995). Individual and group determinants of employee absenteism: Test of causal model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 469-485.

Glisson, C. ve Durick, M. (1988). Predictors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in human service organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 66-81.

Goulet, L. R. ve Frank, M. L. (2002). An examin tion of organizational commitment across three sectors: Public, non-profit, and for profit. Public Personnel Management, 31(2), 201-210.

Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W. ve Gaertner, S. (2000). A metaanalysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26(3), 463-488.

Gül, H., Oktay, E. ve Gökçe, H. (2008). İş tatmini, stres, örgütsel bağlılık, işten ayrılma niyeti ve performans arasındaki ilişkiler: Sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama. Akademik Bakış, 15, 1-11.

Gümüşlüoğlu, L. ve Karakitapoğlu-Aygün, Z. (2010). Bilgi çalışanlarının adalet ve güçlendirme algılarının örgüte, lidere ve işe bağlılık üzerindeki etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 25(66), 21-36.

Gündoğan, T. (2010). İş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılık: Bir insan kaynakları bölümünde uygulama. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.

Hackett, R. D., Bycio, P. ve Hausdorf, P. A. (1994). Further assessments of Meyer and Allen's (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 15-23.

Hackman, J. R. ve Oldham, G. R. (1974). The Job Diagnostic Survey: An instrument for the diagnosis of jobs and the evaluation of job redesigns projects (Tech. Rep. No. 4).

New Haven, CT: Yale University, Department of Administrative Sciences.

Hunter, J. E.ve Schmidt, F. L. (2004). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings (2. baskı). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Izgar, H. (2008). Okul yöneticilerinde iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağ- lılık. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 317-334.

Jackson, T. A. (2010). Leadership, commitment, and culture: A meta-analysis. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.

Jaros, S. J. (1997). An assessment of Meyer ve Allen's (1991) three-component model of organizational commitment and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51, 319-377.

Judge, T. A. ve Klinger, R. (2008).Job Satisfaction: Subjective Well-Being at Work. M. Eid ve R. J. Larsen, (Ed.), The science of subjective well-being içinde (393-413) New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Judge, T. A., Heller, D. ve Mount, M. K. (2002). Five-Factor model of personality and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 530-541.

Judge, T. A., Parker, S., Colbert, A. E., Heller, D. ve Ilies, R. (2001). Job satisfaction: A cross-cultural review. N Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. Kepi Sinangil ve C. Viswesvaran, (Ed.), Handbook of industrial, work and organizational psychology, volume 2: Organizational psychology içinde (25-52). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Inc.

Knopp, R. (1995). Relaitonships among job involvement, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment for nurses. The Journal of Psychology, 129(6), 643-649.

Koslowsky, M., Caspy, T. ve Lazar, M. (1991). Cause and effect explanations of job satisfaction and commitment: The case of exchange commitment. The Journal of Psychology, 125(2), 153-162.

Lambert, E. G. (1998). A path analysis of the antecedents and consequences of job satisfaction and organizational commitment among correctional staff. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Universtiy at Albany, State University of New York, New York.

Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and consequences of job satisfaction. M. D. Dunnetter, (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology içinde (1297-1349). Chicago: Rand-McNally.

Lyons, S. T., Duxbury, L. E. ve Higgins, C. A. (2006). A comparison of the values and commitment of private sector, public sector, and parapublic sector employees. Public Administration Review, 66(4), 605-618.

Markovits, Y., Davis, A. J., Fay, D. ve van Dick, R. (2010). The Link between job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Differences between public and private sector employees. International Public Management Journal, 13(2), 177-196.

Mathieu, J. E. ve Farr, J. L. (1991). Further evidence for the discriminant validity of measures of organizational commitment, job Involvement, and job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(1), 127-133.

Mathieu, J. E. ve Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.

Mayer, R. C. ve Schoorman, F. D. (1992). Predicting participation and production outcomes through a two-dimensional model of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 35, 671-684.

Meydan, C. H., Basım, H. N. ve Çetin, F. (2011). Örgütsel adalet algısı ve örgütsel bağlılığın tükenmişlik üzerine etkisi: Türk kamu sektöründe bir araştırma. Bilig, 57, 175-200.

Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in a changing world of work. H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker ve J. P. Meyer, (Ed.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions içinde (37-68). NY: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.

Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(4), 61-89.

Meyer, J. P. ve Parfyonova, N. M. (2010). Normative commitment in the workplace: A theoretical analysis and re-conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 20, 283-294.

Meyer, J. P. ve Allen, N. J. (1984). Testing the "side-bet theory" of organizational commitment: Some methodological considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 372- 378.

Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. ve Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538-551.

Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E. ve Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 991-1007.

Meyer, J. P., Jackson, T. A. ve Maltin, E. R. (2008). Commitment in the Workplace: Past, Present, and Future. J. Barling ve C. L. Cooper, (Ed.), The Sage handbook of organizational behavior: Volume I micro approaches içinde (35-53). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L. ve Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.

Moorman, R. H., Niehoff, B. P. ve Organ, D. W. (1993). Treating employees fairly and organizational citizenship behavior: Sorting the effects of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and procedural justice. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 6, 209-225.

Mottaz, C. J. (1985). The relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards as determinants of work satisfaction. The Sociological Quarterly, 2, 365-385.

Mowday, R., Steers, R. ve Porter, L. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-227.

Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W. ve Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee-organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. NY: Academic Press.

Mueller, C. W., Boyer, E. M., Price, J. L. ve Iverson, R. D. (1994). Employee attachment and noncoercive conditions of work. Work and Occupations, 21(2), 179-212.

O'Reilly, C. A. ve Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499.

Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(6), 963-974.

Perry, J. L., ve Rainey, H. G. (1988). The public-private distinction in organization theory: A critique and research strategy. Academy of Management Review, 13, 182-201.

Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T. ve Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.

Powell, D. M. ve Meyer, J. P. (2004). Side-bet theory and the three-component model of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 157-177.

Raju, N. S., Burke, M. J., Normand, J. ve Langlois, G. M. (1991). A new meta-analytic approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(3), 432-446.

Reichers, A. E. (1985). A review and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. The Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 465-476.

Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 257-266.

Rosenthal, R. (1979). The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 638-641.

Saari, L. M. ve Judge, T. A. (2004). Employee attitudes and job satisfaction. Human Resource Management, 43(4), 395- 407.

Sagie, A. (1998). Employee absenteeism, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction: another look. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52, 156-171.

Schleicher, D. J., Watt, J. D. ve Greguras, G. J. (2004). Reexamining the job satisfaction-performance relationship: The complexity of attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 165-177.

Schmidt, F. L. ve Le, H. (2014). Software for the HunterSchmidt meta-analysis methods, Version 2.0. University of Iowa, Department of Management & Organizations, Iowa City, IA 52242.

Sert, M. (2013). Örgütsel adalet, örgütsel bağlılık ve örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ilişkisi üzerine bir meta analizi. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Kara Harp Okulu, Ankara.

Shore, L. M., Newton, L. A. ve Thornton, G. C. (1990). Job and organizational attitudes in relation to employee behavioral intentions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11, 57-67.

Sığrı, Ü. (2007). İş görenlerin örgütsel bağlılıklarının Meyer ve Allen tipolojisiyle analizi: Kamu ve özel sektörde kar- şılaştırmalı bir araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 261-278.

Smith, P. C., Kendall, L. M. ve Hulin, C. L. (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co.

Smith, P. L. ve Hoy, F. (1992). Job satisfaction and commitment of older workers in small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 30(4), 106-118.

Somers, M. J. (1995). Organizational commitment, turnover and absenteeism: An examination of direct and interaction effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16(1), 49-58.

Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-55.

Testa, M. R. (2001). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and effort in the service environment. The Journal of Psychology, 135(2), 226-236.

Tett, R. B. ve Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personnel Psychology, 46, 259-293.

Triandis, H. C. (1992). Cross-cultural research in social psychology. D. Grandberg ve G. Sarup, (Ed.), Social judgement and ıntergroup relations: Essays in honor of Muzafer Sherif içinde (229-243). New York: Springer Verlag.

Tsai, M. T.ve Huang, C. C. (2008). The relationship among ethical climate types, facets of job satisfaction, and the three components of organizational commitment: A study of nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Business Ethics, 80(3), 565-581.

Turunç, Ö. ve Erkuş, A. (2010). İş-aile yaşam çatışmasının iş tatmini ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerine etkileri: İş stresinin aracılık rolü. S.Ü. İİBF Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13(19),415-440.

Vandenberg, R. J . ve Lance, C. E. (1992). Examining the causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Journal of Management, 18(1), 153-167.

Wakefield, D. S. (1982). Organizational commitment of fulltime and part-time registered nurses: A contingency approach. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

Wasti, S. (2002). Affective and continuance commitment to the organization: Test of an integrated model in the Turkish context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 525-550.

Wasti, S. A. (2000). Örgütsel bağlılığı belirleyici evrensel ve kültürel etmenler: Türk kültürüne bir bakış. Z. Aycan, (Ed.), Akademisyenler ve profesyoneller bakış açısıyla Türkiye'de yönetim, liderlik ve insan kaynakları uygulamaları içinde (201-224). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.

Wasti, S. A. (2003). The influence of cultural values on antecedents of organisational commitment: An individual-level analysis. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(4), 533-554.

Wasti, S. A. (2005). Commitment profiles: Combinations of organizational commitment forms and job outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 67(2), 290-308.

Weiss, D. J. , Dawis, R. V. England, G. W. ve Lofquist, L. H. (1967). Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, Vol. 22. Minnesota Studies in Vocational Rehabilitation, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, Industrial Relations Center.

Weng, C.-H. (2004). Meta-Analysis of teacher burnout in public schools in the United States. Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, The University of South Dakota, Vermillion.

Whitener, E. M. (1990). Confusion of confidence intervals and credibility intervals in meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 315-321.

Wiener, Y. (1982). Commitment in organizations: A normative view. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 418-428.

Williams, L. J. ve Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizatioanl citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601-617.

Williams, L. J. ve Hazer, J. T. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A re-analysis using latent variable structural equation methods. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(1), 219-231.

Yalçın, A. ve İplik, F. N. (2005). Beş yıldızlı otellerde çalışanların demografik özellikleri ile örgütsel bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma: Adana ili örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14(1), 395-412.

Young, B. S., Worchel, S. ve Woehr, D. (1998). Organizational commitment among public service employees. Public Personnel Management, 27(3), 339-348.

Youseff, D. A. (2002). Job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationship between role stressors and organizational commitment: A study from an Arabic cultural perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17(4), 250-266.

Zeffane, R. (1994). Patterns of organizational commitment and perceived management style: A comparison of public and private sector employees. Human Relations, 47(8), 977- 1010.

Zel, U. ve Basım, H. N. (2006). İş tatmini arttıkça bağlılık artar mı? Örgütsel bağlılık ve iş tatmini kavramları kamu ve özel sektörde çalışanların algı farklılıklarının analizi. İktisat İşletme Finans, 21(249), 72-80.