Olumlu sosyal Davranışların İlişkisel, Kültürel, Bilişsel ve Duyuşsal Değişkenlerle İlişkisi

Bu araştırmada ergenlik dönemindeki gençlerin olumlu sosyal davranışlarında yaş grubu ve cinsiyet farklılıkları ile bu davranışların anne-baba ve akran bağlılıkları, toplulukçu değerler, olumlu sosyal davranışla ilgili ahlaki muhakeme, empati ve başkalarının bakış açısını alma değişkenleri arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, yaşları 11-21.5 (Ort. = 15.07, S = 2.50) arasında olan Ankara merkez ilindeki ilköğretim, lise ve üniversitelerden toplam 550 öğrenci (300 erkek, 250 kız) oluşturmaktadır. Bulgular ergenlerin en çok itaatkar ve en az kamusal olumlu sosyal davranış sergilediklerini göstermiştir. MANOVA bulguları, küçük yaşlardaki ergenlerin daha çok kamusal ve itaatkar büyük yaşlardaki ergenlerin ise daha çok özgeci ve gizli olumlu sosyal davranış sergilediklerini; erkeklerin daha çok kamusal, kızların ise daha çok duygusal, itaatkar ve gizli olumlu sosyal davranış gösterme eğiliminde olduklarını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca kamusal ve duygusal olumlu sosyal davranışlarda yaş ve cinsiyet ortak etkisi anlamlı bulunmuştur. Son olarak yapılan çoklu hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri kamusal olumlu sosyal davranışı akran bağlılığı (negatif yönde) ve toplulukçu değerlerin, duygusal olumlu sosyal davranışı anne-baba (negatif yönde) ve akran bağlılığı, toplulukçu değerler ve empatinin; özgeci olumlu davranışı toplulukçu değerler ve empatinin (ikisi de negatif yönde); itaatkar ve gizli olumlu sosyal davranışları akran bağlılığı, toplulukçu değerler, ahlaki muhakeme ve başkalarının bakış açısını almanın manidar olarak yordadığı bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler:

yaş grupları

___

Akyel, H. B. (1986). Altruistic behavior and prosocial moral reasoning among Turkish high school students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland.

Armsden, G. C. & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A. B., & Goldberg, M. (1982). Helping behavior among preschool children: An observational study. Child Development, 53, 396-402.

Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2 (4th ed., pp. 282-316). Batson: McGraw-Hill.

Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a socialpsychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Berman, P. W. (1987). Children caring for babies: Age and sex differences in response to infant signals and to the social context. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary Topics in Developmental Psychology (pp. 141-164). New York: Wiley.

Boratav, A. B. (2003). The role of child temperament, sociocognitive abilities, parenting and social context in the development of prosocial behaviour. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Melbourne,Victoria, Australia.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N. & Knight, G. P. (1992). An objective measure of adolescents’ prosocial moral reasoning. Journal of Research Adolescence, 2, 331-349.

Carlo, G., Fabes, R. A., Laible, D., & Kupanoff, K. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior II: The role of social and contextual influences. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 133-147.

Carlo, G., Hausmann, A., Christiansen, S., & Randall, B. A. (2003). Sociocognitive and behavioral correlates of a measure of prosocial tendencies for adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescece, 23, 107-134.

Carlo, G., Koller, S. H., Eisenberg, N., DaSilva, M., & Frohlich, C. (1996). A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 231-240.

Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2001). Are all prosocial behaviors equal? A socioecological developmental conception of prosocial behavior. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in Psychology Research, Volume II (pp. 151-170). New York: Nova Science.

Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002). The development of a measure of prosocial behaviors for late adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31, 31-44.

Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.

Dekovic, M., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (1992). Parents’ child-rearing style and child’s sociometric status. Developmental Psychology, 28, 925-932.

Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and helping: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 283-308.

Edwards, C.P., Knoche, L., & Kumru, A. (2004). Socialization of boys and girls in natural contexts. In Carol R. Ember & Melvin Ember (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender, Vol. 1: Men and Women in the World’s Cultures (pp. 34-41) Hingham MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B., & Van Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal Study. Child Development, 66, 1179-1197.

Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701-778). New York: John Wiley.

Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaivors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.

Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Shell, R., McNalley, S., & Shea, C. (1991). Prosocial development in adolescence: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 27, 849-857.

Eisenberg, N., & Mussen, P. H. (1989). The roots of prosocial behavior in children. New York: Wiley.

Eisenberg, N., Shea, C. L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. (1991). Empathy-related responding and cognition: A "chicken and the egg" dilemma. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 2. Research (pp.63-88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.

Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Kupanoff, K, & Laible, D. (1999). Early adolescence and prosocial/moral behavior I: The role of individual processes. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 5-16.

Feshbach, N. D. (1987). Parental empathy and child adjustment/maladjustment. In N. Eisenberg and J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 271- 291). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Furman, W., & Masters, J. C. (1980). Affective consequences of social reinforcement, punishment, and natural behavior. Developmental Pyschology, 16, 100-104.

Green, B., Shirk, S., Hanze, D., & Wanstrath, J. (1994). The Children’s Global Assessment Scale in clinical practice. An empirical evaluation. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1158-1164.

Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist-collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 787-794.

Gottman, J. M., & Parkhurst, J. T. (1980). A developmental theory of friendship and acquaintanceship process. In W. A. Collins (Ed.), Development of cognition, affect, and social relations. The Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology. (Vol.13, pp.197-153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Knight, G. P., Bernal, M., & Carlo, G. (1995). Socialization and the development of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic behaviors among Mexican American children. In E. E. Garcia & B. McLaughlin (Eds.). Meeting the challenge of linguistic and cultural diversity in early childhood education (pp. 85-102). New York: Teachers College Press.

Kumru, A. (2002). Prosocial behaviors within the family context and its correlates among Turkish early adolescents. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

Ladd, G. W., & Profilet, S. M. (1996). The Child Behavior Scale: A teacher-report measure of young children’s aggressive, withdrawn, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 1008-1024.

Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065.

LatanJ, B. & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn’t he help? New York: Appleton-Crofts.

Lennon, R. & Eisenberg, N. (1987). Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and Its Development (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Ma, H. K., Shek, D. T. L., Cheung, P. C., & Lee, R. P. (1996). The relation of prosocial and antisocial behavior to personality and peer relationships of Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 255-266.

Maccoby, E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. 4: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (4th ed., pp. 1- 101). New York: Wiley.

Midlarsky, E., & Hannah, M. E. (1985). Competence, reticence, and helping among children and adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 21, 534-591.

Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (1), 3-72.

Radke-Yarrow, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Chapman, M. (1983). Children’s prosocial dispositions and behavior. In P. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Manual of Child Psychology Vol. 4: Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (4th ed., pp. 469- 545). New York: John Wiley.

Rice, K. G., Cunningham, T. J., & Young, M. B. (1997). Attachment to parents, social competence, and emotional well-being: A comparison of Black and White late adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 44, 89-101.

Roberts, W., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 449-470.

Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 1-11.

Rydell, A. M., Hagekull, B., & Bohlin, G. (1997). Measurement of two social competence aspects in middle childhood. Developmental Psychology, 33, 824-833.

Simmons, R. G., & Blyth, D. A. (1987). Moving into adolescence: The impact of pubertal change and social context. Hawthhorn, NY: Aldine de Gruyter

Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent sel-construals. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 20, 580-591

Shulman, S., Elicker, J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1994). Stages of friendship growth in preadolescence as related to attachment history. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 341-361.

Staub, E. (1978). Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Vol. 1. Social and Personality Influences. New York, Academic Press.

Staub, E. (1979). Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Vol. 2. Socialization and Development. New York: Academic Press.

Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspective-taking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 143-173.

Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., Kerr, M., Pagani, L., & Bukowski, W. M. (1997). Disruptiveness, friends’ characteritics, and delinquency in early adolescence: A test of two competing models of development. Child Development, 68, 679-689.

Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P. (1974). A cross-cultural analysis of sex differences in the behavior of children aged three through eleven. In S. Chess & A. Thomas (Eds.) Annual Progress in Child Psychiatry and Child Development (pp.32-49). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Whiting, B. B., & Edwards, C. P. (1988). Children of different worlds: The formation of social behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.