Hakkı Yasin ODABAŞOĞLU, OSMAN OZAN AVİNÇ, ARZU YAVAŞ

Susuz Boyama

Süperkritik karbondioksit (scCO), sıvılara benzer bir yoğunluk sergilemekte ve bu özelliğiyle hidrofob boyaların çözülmesi için bir avantaj sağlamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra süperkritik karbondioksitin, gazlara benzer düşük viskozite ve difüzyon özellikleri sayesinde boyama işlemleri suyla yapılan boyamalardan daha kısa sürede tamamlanmaktadır. Yeni boyama tekniklerinden biri olan süperkritik karbondioksit ile boyama geleneksel yöntemlerle karşılaştırıldığında hiç su kullanılmaması gibi büyük bir avantajının yanında daha az enerji ve kimyasal tüketimiyle de üretim maliyetlerinde %50’ye varan azalmalar sağlamaktadır. Özellikle sentetik kumaşların süperkritik karbondioksit ile boyama yönteminin bu avantajları, sektörün lider firmalarının üretimlerini bu tip boyamalara kaydırmaktadır. Bu makalede süperkritik karbondioksit ortamında boyamanın prensibi, avantaj ve dezavantajları anlatılmış, literatürde yer alan çalışmalar ve bu konudaki ticari gelişmeler özetlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Susuz boyama, süperkritik karbondioksit, polyester, doğal lifler

Waterless Textile Dyeing

Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO), having liquid-like densities, hereby provides hydrophobic dyes an advantage on dissolving. Their gas-like low viscosities and diffusion properties can lead to shorter dyeing durations compared to conventional water dyeing process. Supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing, a novel dyeing process, is an anhydrous dyeing and this process involves the use of less energy and chemicals than conventional water dyeing processes resulting in a potential of up to 50% lower operating costs. The advantages of supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing method especially on synthetic fabrics encourage the industry’s leading firms to change their dyeing style to this special waterless dyeing technology. In this review, the principle, advantages and disadvantages of dyeing in supercritical carbon dioxide are explained and the scientific literatures and commercial developments are reported and summarized.

Keywords:

Anhydrous dyeing waterless textile dyeing, supercritical carbon dioxide, polyester, natural fibers,

PDF

___

Leitner W., (2000), Designed to dissolve, Nature, 405, 129-130
Kaya K., (2011), “Doğal ve Sentetik Elyafların Süperkritik Karbondioksit Ortamında Boyanması”, Adana
http://www.che.tohoku.ac.jp/~scf/about/about%20sc%20fl uid-E.htm
www.teledyneisco.com, “Supercritical Fluid Applications in Manufacturing and Materials Production”, AN1, (2007)
http://www.che.unsw.edu.au/info-about/research/groups- and-centres/scf-research-group/scf-technology School of Chemical Engineering, “SCF Technology” (2012)
Ahmed N.S.E., El-Shishtawy R.M., (2010), The use of new technologies in coloration of textile fibers, Journal of Materials Science, 45, 1143–1153.
Saus W., Knittel D., Schollmeyer E., (1993), Faerben aus Oberkritischem Kohlendioksit Physikalisch·Chemische Grundlagen, Textile Praxis International, 48, 32-35.
Haytt J.A., (1984),Liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide as organic solvents, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 49, 5097-5101.
Devrent N., Özcan A.S., Durur G., (2006), “Süperkritik kar- bon dioksitte boyama”, Tekstil ve Mühendis, 62-63, 44-48.
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/ 2003/20aug_supercriticalco2, “Harvesting Mars”, (2003)
http://www1.chem.leeds.ac.uk//People/CMR/criticalpics. html
http://www.tst.tw/en/technology-more.php?Key=1
http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/supercritical/scintro.html
http://www.aa.com.tr/tr/duyurular/3091--nike--inc--susuz- boyama-teknolojisini---lceklendirmeye-y--nelik-stratejik- ortakligi-duyurdu, “NIKE Inc. Susuz Boyama Teknolojisini Ölçeklendirmeye Yönelik Stratejik Ortaklığı Duyurdu”, (2012)
Ferris D., http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidferris/2012/08/ 30/ nike-adidas-want-to-color-your-shirt-with-no-water, (2012)
Poulakis K., Spee M., Schneider G.M., Knittel D., Buschmann H-J., Schollmeyer E., (1993), Färbung von Polyester in überkritischem CO2, Chemiefasern Textilind, 142, 41-93.
Knittel D., Schollmeyer E., (1995), Environmentally Friendly Dyeing of Synthetic Fibres and Textile Accessories, International Journal of Clothing Science andTechnology, 7, 36-45.
Saus W., Knittel D., Schollmeyer E., (1993), Dyeing of Textiles in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Textile Research Journal, 63, 135-142.
Schnitzler J., Eggers R., (1999), Mass transfer in polymers in a supercritical CO2- atmosphere, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 16, 81-92.
Clifford A.A., Bartle K., (1996), Supercritical Fluid Dyeing, Textile Technology International, 113-117.
Burdett B.C., King A.J., (1999), The dyehouse into the 21st century, Review of Progress in Coloration and Related Topics, 29, 29-36.
Texman, Using A Non-Aqueous Dyeing System:
Draper S.L., Montero G.A., Smith B., Beck K., (2000),
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide for Dyeing Textiles,
http://www.newclothmarketonline.com/using-a-non
aqueous-dyeing-system-supercritical-carbon-dioxide
dyeing-textiles, (2012).
Ferri A, Banchero M., Manna L., Sicardi S., (2004), An Experimental Technique for Measuring High Solubilities of Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 30, 41–49.
Haarhaus U., Swidersky P., Schneider G.M., (1995), High
Bach E., Cleve E., Schüttken J., Schollmeyer E., Rucker J.W., (2001), Correlation of Solubility Data of Azo Disperse Dyes With the Dye Uptake of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Fibres in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Color. Techn., 117, 13-18.
Joung S.N., Shin H.Y., Park Y.H., Yoo K-P., (1998), Measurement and correlation of solubility of disperse anthraquinone and azo dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 15, 78-84.
Tabata I., Lyu J., Cho S., Tominaga T., Hori T., (2001), Relationship between the solubility of disperse dyes and the equilibrium dye adsorption in supercritical fluid dyeing, Coloration Technology, 117, 346-351.
Shinoda T., Tamura K., (2003), Solubilities of C.I. Disperse Orange 25 and C.I. Disperse Blue 354 in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 48, 869–873.
Kenji M., Kiyoshi M., Shingo M., (2003), Solubilities of Dyes in Supercritical Carbon dioxide and Dyeing Fiber, Thermophys Prop., 24, 153-155.
Lee J.W., Min J.M., Bae H.K., (1999), Solubility Measurement of Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 44, 684–687.
Joung S.N., Yoo K-P., (1998), Solubility of disperse anthraquinone and azo dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide at 313.15 to 393.15 K and from 10 to 25 MPa , J. Chem. Eng. Data, 43, 9–12.
Özcan A.S., Clifford A.A., Bartle K.D., (1997), Solubility of disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 590–592.
West B.L., Kazarian S.G., Vincent M.F., Brantley N.H., Eckert C.A., (1998), Supercritical fluid dyeing of PMMA films with azo-dyes, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 69, 911–919.
Ngo T.T., Liotta C.L., Eckert C.A., Kazarian S.G., (2003), Supercritical fluid impregnation of different azo-dyes into polymer: in situ UV/Vis spectroscopic study, J. of Supercritical Fluids, 27, 215-221.
Tessari F., Devetta L., Guarise G.B., Bertucco A., (1999), Proc. 5th Conf. Supercrit. Fluids Appli., 441-448, 13-16 Haziran, 1999, İtalya
Wang C-T., Lin W-F., (2001), Scouring and dyeing of polyester fibers in supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 34, 244-248.
Bae H.K., Her B.K., (1996), Solubility of disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide, Hwahak Konghak, 24, 379-382. Solubility relationships for disperse dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide, Dyes. Pigm., 45, 177-183.
Özcan A.S., Clifford A.A., Bartle K.D., Lewis D.M., (1997), Solubilitiy of Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42, 590-592. pressure investigations on the solubility of dispersion dyestuffs in supercritical gases by vis/nir-spectroscopy: Part I, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 8, 100-106.
Swidersky P., Tuma D., Schneider G.M., (1996), High- pressure investigations on the solubility of dispersion dyestuffs in supercritical gases by vis/nir-spectroscopy: Part II, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 9, 12-18.
Lee K.J., Kim H.S., Yoo K-P., Shin H.Y., Park Y.H., (2004) Frontiers on Separation Science and Technology, 122-125, 18-21 Şubat 2004, Çin.
Bao P., Dai J., (2005), Relationships between the Solubility of C. I. Disperse Red 60 and Uptake on PET in
, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 50, 838–842.
Tuma D., Schneider G.M., (1998), High-pressure solubility of disperse dyes in near-and supercritical fluids: measurements up to 100Mpa by a static method, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 13, 37-42.
Jun J. H., Sawada K., Ueda M., (2004), Application of perfluoro polyether reverse micelles in supercritical CO2 to dyeing process, Dyes and Pigments 61, 17–22.
Yamini Y., Moradi M., Hojjati M., Nourmohammadian F., Saleh A., (2010), Solubilities of Some Disperse Yellow Dyes in Supercritical CO2, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 55, 3896–3900.
Coimbra P., Gil M.H., Duarte C.M.M., Heron B.M., de Sousa H.C, (2005), Solubility of a spiroindolinonaphthoxazine photochromic dye in supercritical carbon dioxide: Experimental determination and correlation, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 238, 120–128.
Shakra S., Mousa A.A., Youssef B.M., El-Kharadely E.A., (1999), Mans. Sci.Bull., 26, 1-29
Fernandez Cid M.V., Gerstner K.N., van Spronsen J., van der Kraan M., Veugelers W.J.T., Woerlee G.F., Witkamp G.J., (2007), Novel Process to Enhance the Dyeability of Cotton in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Text. Resea. Journal, 77, 38-46.
Schmidt A., Bach E., Schollmeyer E., (2003), The Dyeing of Natural Fibres with Reactive Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Dyes Pigm., 56, 27–35.
Özcan A.S., Clifford A.A., Bartle K.D., Lewis D.M., (1998), Dyeing of Cotton Fibres with Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Dyes Pigm., 36, 103-110.
Özcan A.S., Clifford A.A., Bartle K.D., Broadbent P.J., Lewis D.M., (1998), Dyeing of Modified Cotton Fibres with Disperse Dyes from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 114, 169-173.
Liu Z-T., Zhang L., Liu Z., Gao Z., Dong W., Xiong H., Peng Y., Tang S., (2006), Supercritical CO2 Dyeing of Ramie Fiber with Disperse Dye, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 45, 8932–8938.
Liu Z-T., Sun Z., Liu Z-W., Lu J., Xiong H., (2008), Benzylated modification and dyeing of ramie fiber in supercritical carbon dioxide, J.of Appl.Polymer.Sci., 107, 1872-1878.
Fernandez Cid M.V., van Spronsen J., van der Kraan M., Veugelers W.J.T., Woerlee G.F., Witkamp G.J., (2007), A significant approach to dye cotton in supercritical carbon dioxide with fluorotriazine reactive dyes, Journ.of Supercrit.Fluids, 40, 477-484.
Fernandez Cid M.V., van Spronsen J., van der Kraan M., Veugelers W.J.T., Woerlee G.F., Witkamp G.J., (2005), Excellent dye fixation on cotton dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide using fluorotriazine reactive dyes, Gren Chem., 7, 609-616.
Fernandez Cid M.V., van Spronsen J., van der Kraan M., Veugelers W.J.T., Woerlee G.F., Witkamp G.J., (2007), Dyeing of natural and synthetic textiles in supercritical carbon dioxide with disperse reactive dyes, Journ.of.Supercrit.Fluids, 40, 470-476.
Ma D-X., Zheng L-J., (2004), Study on dyeing with supercritical CO2 non-aqueous technology, Textile Auxiliaries, 5, 45-48
Gebert B., Saus W., Knittel D., Buschmann H-J., Schollmeyer E., (1994), Dyeing Natural Fibers with Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Text.Res.Jour., 64, 371-374.
Sicardi S., Frigerio M., WO0104410, (2001).
Maeda S., Hongyou S., Kunitou K., Mishima K., (2002), Dyeing Cellulose Fibers with Reactive Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Text. Res. Jour., 72, 240-244.
Güzel B., Akgerman A., (2000), Mordant dyeing of wool by supercritical processing, J. Supercrit. Fluids, 18, 247-252.
Schlenker W., Liechti P., Wertheman D., Casa A.D., DE4230325, (1993)
Schlenker W., Liechti P., Wertheman D., Casa A.D., US5298032. (1994)
Beltrame P.L., Castelli A., Selli E., Mossa A., Bonfatti A.M., (1998), Dyeing of Cotton in Spercritical Carbon Dioxide,Dyes Pigm., 39, 335-340.
Yoshimura H., (1999), The dyeing by the supercritical carbon dioxide: The application to the silk. Dyeing Research, 43, 82-86.
Sawada K., Jun J.H., Ueda M., (2003), Dyeing of natural fibres from perfluoro-poly ether reverse micelles in supercritical carbon dioxide, Color. Technol., 119, 336-340.
Sawada K., Ueda M., (2003), Enzyme processing of textiles in reverse micellar solution,J. Biotech., 89, 263-269.
Sawada K., Ueda M., (2003), Adsorption behavior of direct dye on cotton in non-aqueous media, Dyes Pigm., 58, 37-40.
Sawada K., Ueda M., (2003), Adsorption and fixation of a reactive dye on cotton in non-aqueous systems, Color. Technol., 119, 182-186.
Sawada K., Ueda M., (2003), Dyeing of protein fiber in a reverse micellar system, Dyes Pigm., 58, 99-103.
Sawada K., Ueda M., (2004), Evaluation of the dyeing mechanism of an acid dye on protein fibers in supercritical CO2, Dyes Pigm., 63, 77-81.
Banchero M., Ferri A., Manna L., (2009), The phase partition of disperse dyes in the dyeing of polyethylene terephthalate with a supercritical CO2/methanol mixture, J.of Supercrit. Fluids, 48, 72-78.
Hou A., Chen B., Dai J., Zang K., (2010), Using supercritical carbon dioxide as solvent to replace water in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric dyeing procedures, J.of Cleaner Produ., 18, 1009-1014.
Santos W.L.F., Moura A.P., Povh N.P., Muniz E.C., Rubira A.F., (2005), Anthraquinone and Azo Dyes in Dyeing Processes of PET Films and PET Knitted Fabrics Using
Medium, Macromol. Symp., 229, 150-159.
Fleming O.S., Kazarian S.G., Bach E., Schollmeyer E., (2005), Confocal Raman study of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres dyed in supercritical carbon dioxide: dye diffusion and polymer morphology, Polymer, 46, 2943-2949.
Ferri A., Banchero M., Manna L., Sicardi S., (2006), Dye uptake and partition ratio of disperse dyes between a PET yarn and supercritical carbon dioxide, J.of Supercrit. Fluids, 37, 107-114.
Kawahara Y., Kikutani T., Sugiura K., Ogowa S., (2001), Dyeing behaviour of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres in supercritical carbon dioxide, Color. Techn., 117, 266-269.
Yi Z., Jihong F., Shuilin C., (2005), Dyeing of polyester using micro-encapsulated disperse dyes in the absence of auxiliaries, Color. Techn., 121, 76-80.
Hou A., Xie K., Dai J., (2004), Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide dyeing conditions on the chemical and morphological changes of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers, J.of Appl. Poly. Sci., 92, 2008-2012.
Banchero M., Manna L., Ferri A., (2010), Effect of the addition of a modifier in the supercritical dyeing of polyes- ter, Color. Techn., 126, 171-175
van der Kraan M., Fernandez Cid M.V., Woerlee G.F., Veugelers W.J.T., Witkamp G.J., (2007), Equilibrium study on the disperse dyeing of polyester textile in supercritical carbon dioxide, Text. Resea. Journ., 77, 550-558.
Hou A., Dai J., (2005), Kinetics of dyeing of polyester with CI Disperse Blue 79 in supercritical carbon dioxide Color.Techn., 121, 18-20.
Schrell A., Russ W.H., US5578088, (1996)
Xu M.X., Dong P., Lu X.Y., Lin C.M., Pan Z.Y., (2010), Study on the Dyeing of Terylene Fabric with Mixed Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 24, 532-536.
Liao S.K., Chang P.S., Lin Y.C., (2000), Analysis on the dyeing of polypropylene fibers in supercritical carbon dioxide, Journal of Polymer Research, 7, 155-159.
Sciardi S., Manna L., Banchero M., (2000), Diffusion of disperse dyes in PET films during impregnation with a supercritical fluid, J. of Supercrit.Fluids, 17, 187.
Hayashi K., Shimizu K., (1998), Proc. Int. Symp.
Schollmeyer E., Knittel D., Buschmann H-J., Schneider
Wakayama Dye Finish Text, 264-265.
De Giorgi M.R., Cadoni E., Maricca D., Piras A., (2000), Dyeing polyester fibres with disperse dyes in supercritical CO2, Dyes and Pigments, 45, 75-79.
Park M.W., Bae H.K., (2002), Dye distribution in
Park J., Shore J., (1999), Dye and fibre discoveries of the
supercritical dyeing with carbon dioxide, J. of
Supercrit.Fluids, 22, 65–73.
Tušek L., Golob V., Knez Z., (2000), The Effect of Pressure and Temperature on Supercritical CO2 Dyeing of PET-Dyeing with Mixtures of Dyes, International Journal of Polymeric Materials, 47, 657-665.
Santos W.L.F., Porto M.L., Muniz E.C., Povh N.P., Rubira A.F., (2001), Incorporation of disperse dye in N,N- dimethylacrylamide modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with supercritical CO2, J. of Supercrit.Fluids, 19, 177–185.
Maeda S., Kunitou K., Hihara T., Mishima K., (2004), One-Bath Dyeing of Polyester/Cotton Blends with Reactive Disperse Dyes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Text. Res. Journal, 74, 989.
Liao S.K., (2004), Dyeing nylon-6,6 with some hydrophobic reactive dyes by supercritical processing, Journal of Polymer Research, 11, 285-291.
Liao S.K., Ho Y.C., Chang P.S., (2000), Dyeing of Nylon 66 with a Disperse-reactive Dye Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 116, 403-407.
Miyazaki K., Tabata I., Hori T., (2011), Color. Technol., 128, 51–59.
Yu L-Q, Zhang S-F, He L., Ma W., Yang J-Z., (2005), The Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Functional Molecules, (19-24), 8-10 Eylül 2005, Çin.
Miyazaki K., Tabata I., Hori T., (2011), Effects of molecular structure on dyeing performance and colour fastness of yellow dyestuffs applied to polypropylene fibres in supercritical carbon dioxide, Color. Technol., 128, 60–67.
Kim G.S., Kim H.S., Kim S.Y., Yoo K-P., (2004), Frontiers on Separation Science and Technology, 126-129, 18-21 Şubat 2004, Çin
Jun J.H., Sawada K., Takagi T., Kim G.B., Park C.H., Ueda M., (2005), Effects of pressure and temperature on dyeing acrylic fibres with basic dyes in supercritical carbon dioxide, Color. Techn., 121, 25-28.
Wen H., Dai J., (2007), Dyeing of polylactide fibers in supercritical carbon dioxide, J.of Appl. Polym. Sci., 105, 1903-1907.
Bach E., Knittel D., Schollmeyer E., (2006), Dyeing poly(lactic acid) fibres in supercritical carbon dioxide, Col. Techn., 122, 252-258. G.M., Poulakis K., DE39096724, (1990).
Knittel D., Saus W., Schollmeyer E., (1993), Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in finishing processes, J. Text. Inst., 84, 534-552. twentieth century. Part 2: Growth of the chemical giants, Coloration Technology, 115, 207–217.
Lewis D.M, (1999), Coloration in the next century, Rev. Prog. Coloration, 9, 23-28.
Joshi M., Gupta B., (2008), “Polyesters and Polyamides”, Woodhead Publishing, 293-294
http://www.feyecon.com/services-and-products/process- and-equipment-technology/equipment-dyeing-systems (2012)
www.textiletoday.com.bd/magazine/issue_1_2010/technolo gy_today/technology_today.php, (2012)
http://www.dyecoo.com, (2012)
http://www.indiantextilemagazine.in/processing/nike- acquires-dyecoos-unique-waterless-dyeing-technology, The Textile Magazine, “Nike acquires DyeCoo’s unique waterless dyeing technology (2012)
Hunter B., “Waterless dyeing process for DryDye fabrics”, http://www.innovationintextiles.com/waterless-dyeing- process-for-drydye-fabrics , (2010)
“Strategic Partnership DyeCoo and Nike”, http://www.dyecoo.com/dyecoo-and-nike/, (2012)
King B., “Adidas Markets First-Ever Waterless Dyed T- Shirts”, Sustainable Brands, http://www.sustainablebrands. com/news_and_views/articles/adidas-markets-first-ever- waterless-dyed-t-shirts, (2012)
http://www.dyecoo.com/nike-and-adidas, “Nike and Adidas Want To Dye Your Shirt With No Water”, (2012)
http://www.fibre2fashion.com/news/apparel- news/newsdetails.aspx?news_id=114472, (2012)
http://www.popsci.com/bown/2012/product/dyecoo-textile- systems, (2012)
http://www.mail.com/int/sports/other/1498206-ugandan- surprises-to-win-olympic-marathon.html, (2012)
http://www.dyecoo.com/dyecoo-and-huntsman, (2012)
http://www.hisaka.co.jp/english/vital/textile/index.cgi?c=zo om&pk=33, (2012)