Farklı Toprak İşleme Sistemlerinin Sürdürülebilir Organik Madde Yönetimine Etkileri

Bitkilerin en fazla ihtiyaç duyduğu ancak toprakların mineral kısmında yok denecek kadar az bulunan azotun kaynağı olmasının yanı sıra, toprağın birçok fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik karakteristiklerinin oluşmasında önemli rol oynayan organik madde, toprak kalitesinin ve tarımsal sürdürülebilirliğin en önemli göstergesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toprakların organik madde miktarını; uygulanan münavebe sistemi, toprağın işlenme süresi, toprak işleme teknikleri, toprak üstü bitki örtüsünün durumu veya tahrip derecesi, bitki atıklarının yakılması veya gömülmesi, kullanılan tarım tekniği, gübreleme şekli gibi kontrol edilebilir faktörler yanında, sıcaklık ve yağış rejimi gibi iklim faktörleri de etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada, toprak işleme yönetiminin toprak organik maddesini nasıl etkilediği özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Toprak işleme uygulamaları, organik maddenin ayrışması, karbon ve azotun dağılımı ile N mineralizasyonu üzerinde büyük bir etkiye sahiptir. Dolayısıyla toprak işleme genel olarak toprakların organik madde içeriğinin azalması ve toprakların bozulmasına neden olabilmektedir. Koruyucu toprak işleme sistemlerinin benimsenmesi, amacına uygun bir şekilde uygulanması ile toprak organik maddesi miktarı ve kalitesi arttırılabilir böylece toprağın kimyasal ve fiziksel özellikleri geliştirilerek muhafaza edilebilir. Azaltılmış toprak işleme yönetimiyle birlikte uygun kimyasal ve organik gübre ilaveleri ile toprak organik maddesi sürdürülebilir şekilde korunabilir.

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