Killi Toprak Koşullarında Toprak İşleme Yöntemlerinin Penetrasyon Direnci, Hacim Ağırlığı ve Hidrolik İletkenliğe Etkileri

Altı farklı toprak işleme yönteminin üç yıllık sürede (2006–2009) yarı-kurak Akdeniz iklim koşullarında killi bir toprakta (Typic Haploxererts) doymuş hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direncine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma tesadüf parseller desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Toprak işleme uygulamaları olarak: Anızlı geleneksel toprak işleme (CTS), anızları yakılmış geleneksel toprak işleme (CTB), ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış toprak işleme (RTD), rototillerli azaltılmış toprak işleme (RTR), birinci ürün için ağır diskli tırmıklı azaltılmış işleme + ikinci ürün için sıfır toprak işleme (RNT) ve sıfır toprak işleme (NT) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada buğday-mısır, buğday-soya ve buğday rotasyonu uygulanmıştır. Toprak işleme uygulamalarının farklı derinliklerde doymuş hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon dirençleri ölçülmüştür. Toprak işleme uygulamalarının 0–30 cm toprak derinliğinde hidrolik iletkenlik, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direncine önemli etkileri belirlenmiştir. Hidrolik iletkenlik en yüksek CTS altında belirlenmiş ve bunu sırasıyla CTB, RTR, RTD, RNT ve NT izlemiştir. 2007 ve 2008 yılında 0–30 cm derinlikteki hidrolik iletkenli değerleri, NT uygulamalarında CTS’e göre sırasıyla %20 ve %30 daha düşük bulunmuştur. Geleneksel toprak işleme uygulamaları yarı-kurak iklim koşullarında hacim ağırlığını ve penetrasyon direncini azaltarak hidrolik iletkenliği arttırmıştır. NT uygulamasında elde edilen hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direnç değerleri işlenen topraklara göre daha yüksek bulunmuş ve bu değerler derinlikle birlikte artmıştır. Toprak sıkışmasının göstergeleri olan değerler işlenmeyen ve azaltılmış işleme uygulamaları altında geleneksel işleme uygulamalarına göre bütün derinliklerde önemli ölçüde yüksek bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Toprak hacim ağırlığı, Hidrolik iletkenlik, Penetrasyon direnci, Toprak işleme uygulamaları

Effects of Tillage Methods on Penetration Resistance, Bulk Density and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity in a Clayey Soil Conditions

Effects of six tillage practices on saturated hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil bulk density (BD), and penetration resistance (PR) were evaluated for a clayey soil (Typic Haploxererts) under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions in a three year study (2006-2009). The experiment was conducted on a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Treatments were: conventional tillage with residue incorporated (CTS), conventional tillage with residue burned (CTB), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow (RTD), reduced tillage with rotary tiller (RTR), reduced tillage with heavy tandem disc harrow for the first crop + no-tillage for the second crop (RNT), and no tillage (NT). The study was conducted in wheat-corn, wheat-soybean and wheat crop rotations. The tillage effects on HC, BD and PR were significant at soil depth of 0-30 cm. The hydraulic conductivity was higher in CTS, and followed by CTB, RTR, RTD, RNT and NT practices, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity values under NT in 2007 and 2008 were 20% and 30% lower at 0-30 cm depth compared with CTS, respectively. The conventional tillage treatments in the semi-arid conditions improved the HC with decreasing BD and PR of the clayey soil. The BD and PR values were higher under NT treatments than the tilled plots and increased with depth. The values of soil compaction indicators were significantly greater under no-tillage and reduced tillage as compared to those under conventional tillage in all soil depths studied.

Keywords:

Soil bulk density, Hydraulic conductivity, Penetration resistance, Tillage practices,

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