Çeltikte (Oryza sativa L.) Tuz Stresinin Azaltılmasında Silisyumlu Gübrelemenin Etkisi

Toprak tuzluluğu bitki verim ve kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyen en önemli abiyotik stres faktörlerinden birisidir. Silisyum (Si) bitkilerde stres faktörlerini azaltan bir element olarak bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, tuz x Si interaksiyonunun çeltik dane verimine, tuzlulaşmanın toprakların yarayışlı Si kapsamına ve tuz stresinin önlenmesinde Si’un etkilerini incelemektir. Bu amaçla Samsun yöresi çeltik topraklarından 5 adet toprak örneği alınmıştır. Topraklarda farklı tuz düzeyi oluşturmak için 9:5:5:1 oranında Na2SO4:NaCl:CaCl2:MgSO4 tuz karışımından 1, 2, 3, 4 ve 5 no’lu topraklara EC değeri sırasıyla, 10.27, 3.55, 10.98, 5.75 ve 7.22 dS m-1’ye ulaşacak şekilde uygulanmıştır. Topraklarda faktöriyel deneme desenine göre (2 x 5) 3 tekerrürlü sera denemesi kurularak çeltik bitkisi yetiştirilmiştir. Her tuz seviyesinde (tuzsuz ve tuzlu) topraklara 0, 50, 100, 200 ve 400 mg Si kg-1 silisik asit (H4SiO4) verilmiştir. Ayrıca bütün topraklara toprak analizine göre yarayışlı NPK seviyeleri eşitlenecek şekilde gübreleme yapılmıştır. Silisyum gübrelemesiyle çeltik dane veriminde sağlanan ortalama artışın EC’si 3.55 dS m-1 olan toprakta % 55.5 ile EC’si 10.98 dS m-1 olan toprakta ise % 2.31 arasında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Tuz x Si interaksiyonu 4 toprakta önemli olduğu ve optimum Si dozunun toprakların tuz seviyelerine göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Toprakların EC seviyeleri arttıkça yarayışlı Si kapsamında ve Si gübrelemesinin çeltik dane veriminde sağladığı artışlarda azalma görülmüştür. Silisyum çeltik danesinin Na içeriğini genellikle azaltırken; K içeriğini artırmış; Ca, Mg ve P içeriğinde ise belirgin bir eğilim gözlenmemiştir. Çeltiğin dane verimi ile Na içeriği arasında çok önemli negatif ilişki (R = - 0.664) elde edilirken, silisyumlu gübreleme danenin K/Na, Ca/Na, Mg/Na ve P/Na oranlarını genellikle artırmıştır. Sonuç olarak, tuzlu topraklarda yetiştirilen çeltik bitkisine uygulanacak optimum Si dozunun 200 mg kg-1 olduğu ve çeltik yetiştiriciliğinde silisyumlu gübrelemenin toprakta tuzluluk ve alkaliliğin zararlarını azaltan pratik bir uygulama olabileceği kanaatine varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Tuz, Çeltik Toprağı, Çeltik, Dane Verimi, Yarayışlı Si ve Na

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Soil salinity is one of the most significant abiotic stress factors that adversely affect yield and quality. Silicon (Si) is known as a nutrient element reducing the deleterious effects of these stresses in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salt x Si interaction on rice yield, the effect of salinity on available Si content of soils and the reducing effect of silicon on salt induced-stresses. For this aim, 5 different soil samples were taken from rice grown soils around Samsun. To obtain the different salt levels in soils, a salt mixture of NaSO :NaCl:CaCl:MgSO at the 9:5:5:1 ratio were added into the soil 1, 2 , 3, 4, and 5 to reach 10.27, 3.55, 10.98, 5.75 and 7.22 dS mEC values, respectively. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in factorial experimental design (2 x 5) with three replicates in each soil with growing rice plant. In each salt level (non-saline and saline) 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg Si kg as silicic acid (HSiO ) were given into the soils. Also, NPK fertilizations according to the soil analyses were made to obtain the same levels of these elements in each soil. Increases in the mean grain yield upon silicon fertilization ranged between 55.5% for the soil having 3.55 dS m EC and 2.31% for the soil having 10.98 dS m EC. The salt x Si interaction was significant in 4 soils and the optimum Si rate for each soil was dependent on salinity levels of the soils. Increments in the available Si concentration of soils and the rice grain yield by silicon fertilization decreased with increasing EC values of soils. While silicon decreased Na concentration of rice grain; K concentration increased; Ca, Mg and P concentrations did not show any distinct tendency. Rice grain yield had a significant negative relation with Na content (R = - 0.664) while silicon fertilization increased the ratios of K/Na, Ca/Na, Mg/Na and P/Na. Consequently, it was determined that the optimum Si dose for rice grown in saline soils was 200 mg kg and silicon fertilization could be a practical way of reducing the deleterious effect of soil salinity and alkalinity in rice cultivation.

Keywords:

Salt; Paddy soil; Rice; Grain yield; Available Si and Na,

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