İKİNCİ DİL ÖĞRENİMİNDE BİREYSEL VE BAĞLAMSAL ETKENLER

nsanlar ilk dillerini özel bir çaba sarf etmeden öğrenir, yetkin olarak kullanırlar. Ancak,ikinci bir dili öğrenmede süreç ve sonuç farklılaşabilir. Bazıları birden çok dilde ana dilidüzeyinde yetkin ve akıcı dil kullanımına ulaşırken bazıları ikinci dilinde günlükihtiyaçlarını zorlukla karşılayabilecek düzeye erişebilir. Bu durumla ilgili alan yazındaçeşitli tartışmalar yer alır. Tartışmalar, farklı değişkenler üzerinden konuyu ele almaktadırve araştırmaların çoğu birden çok dili öğrenmede en etkili etkenlerin ne olduğunu ortayakoymaya yönelmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ikinci dil öğrenmeye etki eden etkenleribireysel ve bağlamsal boyutuyla ele almak ve alan yazındaki son gelişmeler ışığında etkilive verimli ikinci dil öğrenimine yönelik öneriler sunmaktır. Çalışma, betimsel biraraştırmadır ve bir tür alan yazın taramasıdır. Alan yazın tarama tekniklerinden belgeseltarama ile yürütülen araştırmada ikinci dil öğretimi alanında akademik olarak güvenilirya da uzman kişiler tarafından yayınlanmış güncel çalışmalar, makaleler ve kitaplarbelirlenen amaç çerçevesinde taranmıştır. Yapılan tarama sonucunda ikinci dil öğrenmesürecine etki eden etkenlerin birbiriyle bağlantılı ancak bireylere ve bireylerin içindebulundukları bağlama göre farklılaşan özellikleri olduğu, bundan dolayı bu etkenlerdenyola çıkılarak belirlenecek yöntemlerin çeşitlilik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Buna göre,ailelerin ya da okulların ikinci dil öğrenenlerin bireysel farklılıklarına ve ikinci dilleriniöğrendikleri bağlamlara dikkat etmesi ve bunları göz önünde tutan bilimsel temele dayalıbir yol haritası izlemesi önerilmiştir.

Personal and Contextual Factors in Second Language Learning

People gain their first language with no special effort and use them skilfully. Nevertheless, the process and the results can be different when learning a second language. While some reach proficiency levels in several languages equal to their mother tongue skills, some others can only attain limited skills to hardly meet their daily needs. There exist several discussions within the related literature. The discussions centralize different variables and much of the research work is oriented to reveal the most effective means to learn more than one language. The aim of the current study is to discuss the factors affecting learning a second language with personal and contextual dimensions and to develop suggestions towards learning a second language effectively and productively in the light of latest developments in the literature. This study is a descriptive work and depends on a literature review. Latest studies, articles, and books published by dependable academics or experts of bilingual education have been reviewed through the methodology of document review in line with the aim of the study. The review has revealed that the factors affecting second language learning are co-related but have differentiating properties depending on individuals and the contexts; therefore, methods based on such factors vary, as well. Accordingly, it is suggested that families or schools should care for personal differences and the contexts where the second languages are attained and follow a road map based on a scientific foundation these facts.

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