GERTRUDE BELL’İN IRAK MANDASININ KURULMASINDAKİ ROLÜ

1899’dan 1914’e kadar Osmanlı coğrafyasında seyyah kisvesiyle gezen Gertrude L. Bell, İngiliz ordusunun Çanakkale ve Kutü’l Ammare’de yenilmesi üzerine Arap kabilelerini isyan ettirebileceği iddiasıyla, 1916 Mart’ında Basra’da görevlendirildi. Müçtehitlerin verdiği Türkler lehine fetvalarla İngiliz işgaline karşı mücadele eden Şiiler, Osmanlı taraftarı Müntefik Aşireti Şeyhi Uceymi Sadun Paşa, Reşidi Şeyhi, İbni Suud, Duleyim Şeyhi Ali Süleyman, Anaze Şeyhi Fahad b. Hazzal gibi önemli kesim ve isimlerin önce tarafsız kalması ardından da İngiliz müttefiki olması için mücadele etti. Mart 1917’de Bağdat düşünce şehre yerleşen Bell, ölene kadar burada yaşadı. Percy Cox, Yüksek Komiser sıfatıyla Bağdat’ta görevlendirilirken, Bell de; Doğu Sekreterliğine (Oriental Secretery) terfi ettirildi. Bell-Cox ikilisi, Basra, Bağdat ve Musul’dan oluşan topraklarda Irak’ın kurulması ve sınırlarının belirlenmesi, Türkler ile işbirliği yapan Şiiler, Türkiye’ye bağlanmaya çalışan Musul Türkleri, mümkünse bağımsızlık, değilse Türkiye’ye katılmak isteyen Kürtlerle mücadele ettiler. 1921’de Irak tahtına oturtulan Şerif Hüseyin’in oğlu Faysal’a manda antlaşmasını da Kingmaker’ı Bell kabul ettirdi.

Gertrude Bell’s Role in Establishment of Iraq Mandate

Gertrude Bell, who travelled through the Ottoman regions as a traveller from 1899 to 1914, was employed is Basra in 1916 due to allegations that Arabic tribes might have rebelled after British army’s failure in the wars of Dardanelles and Kutu’l Ammare. Shiahs, fighting against the British occupation with the fatwas of shiah religious leaders in favour of Turks, struggled for some important Ottoman follower leaders’ being neutral at first and then being allies of the British such as the Sheihk of Muntefiq tribe, Uceymi Sadun Pasha, the Sheihk of Rashidi, Ibn-i Suud, the Sheihk of Dulaim Ali Sulaiman, the Sheihk of Anazeh Fahad b. Hadhdhal. After Bagdat was captured in 1917, Bell settled and lived there until her death. While Percy Cox was employed as the High Commissioner in Bagdat, Bell promoted to Oriental Secretery. The couple (Bell-Cox) endeavored to enable the foundation of Iraq and determining the borders of it on the area of Bagdat, Basra and Musul, and made an effort to resolve such political problems as Shiahs, who were the partners of Turks, Musul Turks, who wanted to unite with Turkey even if they couldn’t gain their independence, and Kurds. Bell represented Iraq in the Paris Peace Conference in 1920 and in the Cairo Conference in 1921. Kingmaker Bell, made King Faisal accepted the mandate who acceded to the throne in 1921.

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