EGE KRONOLOJİSİ ÜZERİNE: MÖ 12.-11. YÜZYIL

Kıta Yunanistan "Helladik" kronoloji sistemine göre GH III A2/B1 evresinde kurulan Tunç Çağı deniz aşırı ticaret ve "yazılı bürokrasi" dönemi1, GH III B2 başlangıcıyla doğal veya yapay felaketler sonucu düşüş yaşamıştır. "Miken Saraylar Sistemi" çökmüştür2. Geç Hellas III C evresinde (MÖ 12. -11. yüzyıl) ise yazının ortadan kaybolması ile Ege dünyasında yazılı diplomatik ilişkiler son bulmuş, "çöküş dönemi" olarak tanımlanan "Saraylar Sonrası Dönem" başlamıştır3. Öncenden düşünülenin aksine "Karanlık Çağ" olarak adlandırılan dönem yeniden tanımlanmış, "Saraylar Sonrası Dönem" Kıta Yunanistan'da Lefkandi, Korakou, Tiryns ve Mykenai'de yerleşimlerin devam ettiği anlaşılmıştır. Bu çalışma içerisinde Ege dünyasında, Geç Hellas III C, Geç Tunç Çağı sonu ve Erken Demir Çağı başlangıcının tanımlanması ve kronoloji çalışmaları kapsamında stratigrafi veren Kıta Yunanistan ve Batı Anadolu mezar ve yerleşimlerin seramik buluntularına dayalı yapılan çalışmalar ele alınacaktır

On The Aegean Chronology: 12th-11th Centuries BC

Based on the “Helladic” chronology system of Greek Mainland, Bronze Age maritime trade and the “written bureaucracy” period, which were founded the Late Hellas III A2/B1 phase, were weakened with the beginning of LH III B2 as consequences of natural or man-made factors. The “Mycenaean Palatial System” (1300-1200 BC) was collapsed. By the disappearance of script in the Late Helladic III C phase (12th – 11th centuries BC), the written diplomatic relations were ended, and the “Post-palatial period” in the Aegean world began. It is obvious that humanoccupation continued in Lefkandi, Korakou, Tiryns, and Mycenae in the Greek Mainland in the “Post-palatial period” contrary to previous assumptions, the so-called “Dark Age” has been re-defined. This study will be include studies based on ceramics in the Greek Mainland and Western Anatolian settlements and necropolis have yielded stratified material within the scope of the chronological studies and, GH IIIC, definition of the end of the Late Bronze Age and beginning of the Early Iron Age

PDF

___

Akyurt, A. 2014. “An Example of Mycenaean Pictorial Pottery: Crater from Liman Tepe” İçinde: N., Çınardalı-Karaaslan, A. Aykurt, N. KolankayaBostancı ve Y. H. Erbil, eds., Armağan Erkanal’a Armağan, Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış / Compiled in Honor of Armağan Erkanal, Some Observation on Anatolian Cultures. Ankara: Hacettepe UP, 29-73.
Benter, M. 2010. “Milas’taki Pilavtepe Miken Oda Mezarı,” Belleten LXXIV (270): 343-350.,
Benzi, M. 2013. “The Southeast Aegean in the Age of the Sea Peoples.” İçinde: A., E., Killbrew, G., Lehmann, eds., The Philistines and Other “Sea Peoples” in Text and Archaeology. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature, 509-542.
Boysal, Y. 1985. “Einige neue Gefasse der Dark Ages aus Karia.”
İçinde: M., Kandier, et al.,eds., Lebendiges Altertums Wissenschaft. Festgabe zur Vollendung des 70. Lebenjabres von Herman Vetters. Wien, 16-18. Bryce, T. 2006. The Trojans and Their Neighbours. London and New York: Routledge.
Çapar, Ö. 1981. “Aḫḫiyava Sorunu,” Ankara Üniversitesi Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 25 (14): 387-413.
Desborough, V. R. d’A. 1964. The last Mycenaeans and their successors. An archaeological survey c.1200-c.1000 B.C. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dickinson, O. 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
-----. 2006. The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age. Continuity and change between the twelfth and eighth centuries BC. New York: Routledge. Diler, A., Özer, B., Bulut, H., Gümüş, Ş., Adıgüzel, G., Kasar, Ö.,
Eryılmaz, A. S. Ve Çur, M. 2013. “Pedasa 2011-2012,” Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (35) 3: 530-547.
French, E. 2007. “Late Helladic III C Middle at Mycenae.” İçinde: S.
Deger-Jalkotzy ve A. E. Bächle, eds., LH III C chronology and synchronisms II, LH III C Middle: proceedings of the international workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, October 29th and 30th, 2004.
Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 174-187. -----. 2009. Mycenae: Lh III C Late: What Little There Is.” İçinde: S.
Deger-Jalkotzy ve A. E. Bächle, eds., LH III C chronology and synchronisms III: LH III C Late and the transition to the early iron age: proceedings of the International workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 151-161.
-----. 2014. “Changing Patterns in the Contacts between Anatolia and the Aegean World in the Second Millennium BC.” İçinde: N. Çınardalı- Karaaslan, A. Aykurt, N. Kolankaya-Bostancı ve Y. H. Erbil, eds., Armağan Erkanal’a Armağan, Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış / Compiled in Honor of Armağan Erkanal, Some Observation on Anatolian Cultures. Ankara: Hacettepe UP, 239-242.
Furumark, A. 1972. Mycenaean Pottery II Chronology. Stockholm: Svenska Instituteti Athen.
Gates, C. 1995. “Defining Boundaries of a State: The Mycenaeans and their Anatolian Frontier”, Aegeum 12: 290-298.
Georgakopoulos, K. 2012. “Minoan-Anatolian Relations And The Aḫḫiyava Question: A Re-Assessment Of The Evidence.” TALANTA XLIV: 137 – 156.
Gorman, V., B. 2001. Miletos, The Ornament of Ionia: A history of the city to 400 B.C.E. Ann Arbor: Michigan UP.
Günel, S. 1999. Panaztepe II: M.Ö. bine tarihlendirilen Panaztepe seramiğinin batıAnadolu ve Ege arkolojisindeki yeri ve önemi = Die keramik von Panaztepe und ihre bedeutung für westkleinasien und die Ägais im 2. jahrtausend. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
-----. 2010. “Mycenaean cultural impact on the Çine (Marsyas) plain, southwest Anatolia: the evidence from Çine-Tepecik.” Anatolian Studies 60, 25-49.
-----. 2014. “MÖ 2. Binde Çine-Tepecik Yerleşmesinin Batı Anadolu Arkeolojisindeki Yeri ve Katkıları.” İçinde: N. Çınardalı-Karaaslan, A.
Aykurt, N. Kolankaya-Bostancı ve Y. H. Erbil, eds., Armağan Erkanal’a Armağan, Anadolu Kültürlerine Bir Bakış /Compiled in Honor of Armağan Erkanal, Some Observation on Anatolian Cultures, Ankara: Hacettepe UP, 243-256.
-----. 2015. “Çine-Tepecik: New Contributions on Late Bronze Age Cultures in Western Anatolia.” İçinde: N. Chr. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner, K. Kopanias, eds, NOSTOI. Indigenous Culture, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age. İstanbul: Koç UP, 607-626.
Hawkins, J. D. 2015. “The Political Geography of Arzawa (Western Anatolia).” İçinde: N. C. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner and K. Kopanias, eds., NOSTOI. Indigenous culture, migration and integration in the Aegean Islands and western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Koç Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul, March 31-April 3 2011. İstanbul: Koç UP, 15-35.
Iakovidis, S. 2003a. “Late Helladic III C at Perati.” İçinde: S. DegerJalkotzy ve M. Zavadil, eds., LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms: workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th and 8th, 2001. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 125-130.
-----. 2003b. “Late Helladic III C an Overwiev.” İçinde: Deger-Jalkotzy ve M. Zavadil, eds., LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms: proceedings of the Internationalworkshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th and 8th, 2001.Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,247-249.
Knapp, A. B. ve Manning, S. W. 2016. “Crisis in Context: The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean.” American Journal of Archaeology, 120(1), 99-149.
Kelder, J. 2004-2005. “Mycenaeans In Western Anatolia.” TALANTA XXXVI-XXXVII: 49-86.
-----. 2012. “Aḫḫiyava And The World Of The Great Kings: A ReEvaluation Of Mycenaean Political Structures,” TALANTA XLIV: 41 – 52.
Lis, B. 2009. “The Sequence Of Late Bronze / Early Iron Age Pottery From Central Greek Settlements – A Fresh Look At Old And New Evidence.” İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve A. E. Bächle, eds., LH III C Chronology and Synchronisms III: LH III C Late and the transition to the Early Iron Age.
Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 203-233.
Mangaloğlu-Votruba, S. 2011. “Liman Tepe’de Geç Hellas IIIC dönemi.” Anadolu/Anatolia 37: 43-73.
-----.2015. “Liman Tepe during the Late Bronze Age.” İçinde: N. C. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner, K. Kopanias,eds., NOSTOI. Indigenous Culture, Migration, Integration in the Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age.İstanbul: Koç University Press, 647-668.
Mee, C. 1978. “Aegean Trade and Settlement in Anatolia in the Second Millenium B.C.” Anatolian Studies 28: 121-156.
Meriç, R., ve Öz, A., K. 2015. “Bademgediği Tepe (Puranda) Near Metropolis.” İçinde: N. C. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner ve K. Kopanias, eds., NOSTOI. Indigenous culture, migration and integration in the Aegean Islands and western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Koç Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul, March 31-April 3 2011. Istanbul: Koç UP, 609-626.
Mountjoy, P.A. 1986. Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to İdentification. Göteborg: Paul Aströms Förlag.
-----. 1998. “The East Aegean-West Anatolian interface in the Late Bronze Age: Mycenaeans and the kingdom of Aḫḫiyava.” Anatolian Studies 48: 33-67.
-----. 2001. Mycenaean Pottery An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford UP. -----. 2007. “A definition of LH III C Middle.” İçinde: S. DegerJalkotzy ve M. Zavadil, eds., LH III C chronology and synchronisms II, LH III C Middle: proceedings of the international workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, October 29th and 30th, 2004. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 221-242.
-----. 2009. “LH III C Late: an East Mainland - Aegean koine.” İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve A. E. Bächle, eds., LH III C chronology and synchronisms III: LH III C Late and the transition to the early iron age : proceedings of the International workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 289-312.
-----.2015. “The East Aegean-West Anatolian Interface in the Late Bronze Age: some aspects arising from the pottery.” İçinde: N. C.
Stampolidis, Ç. Maner ve K. Kopanias, eds., NOSTOI. Indigenous culture, migration and integration in the Aegean Islands and western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Koç Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul, March 31-April 3 2011. Istanbul: Koç University Press, 37-80.
Niemeier, W.-D. 2007. “Milet von den Anfängen menschlicher Besiedlung bis zur Ionischen Wanderung.” İçinde: C., Cobet, V. von Graeve, W.-D., Niemeier, K., Zimmerman, eds., Frühes Ionien Eine Bestandsaufnahme Panionion-Symposion Güzelçamlı 26. September-1. October 1999. Mainz am Rhein: Verlag Philipp Von Zabern, 3-20.
Özgünel, C. 1983. “Batı Anadolu ve İçerlerinde Miken Etkileri.” Belleten 47: 697-743.
Popham, M., Evely D., Sackett, H. 2006. “The site a nd its e xcavation.” İçinde: Evely, D., ed., 2006. Lefkandi IV: The Bronze Age. The Late Helladic IIIC settlement at Xeropolis. Athens: The British School at Athens, 1-136.
Popham, M, Schofield E., Sherratt, S. 2006. “The Pottery.” İçinde Evely, D., ed., 2006. Lefkandi IV: The Bronze Age. The Late Helladic IIIC settlement at Xeropolis. Athens: The British School at Athens, 137-231.
Ruppenstein, F. 2003. “Late Helladic IIIC late versus Submycenaean: a methodological problem.” İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve M. Zavabil, eds., LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th and 8th, 2001. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 183-192.
-----.2009. “The Transitional Phase from Submycenaean to Protogeometric: Definition and Comperative Chronology.” İçinde: S. DegerJalkotzy ve A. E. Bächle, eds., LH III C chronology and synchronisms III: LH III CLate and the transition to the early iron age: proceedings of the International workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 327-343.
Rutter, J., B. 2003. “Questions Addressed by Speakers at Vienna Workshop on “Late Helladic III C Chronology and Synchronisms” (7-8 May, 2001) Theoretical Issues”. İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve M. Zavabil, eds., LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th and 8th, 2001. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 249-251.
Schofield, E.V., 2007. “Lefkandi in Late Helladic III C Middle.” İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve M. Zavadil, eds., LH III C chronology and synchronisms II, LH III C Middle: proceedings of the international workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, October 29th and 30th, 2004.
Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 301-313. Sherratt, S.2006. “LH IIIC Lefkandi: an overview.” İçinde: Evely, D., ed., 2006. Lefkandi IV: The Bronze Age. The Late Helladic IIIC settlement at Xeropolis. Athens: The British School at Athens, 303-309. Steiner, G. 2007. The case of Wilusa and Aḫḫiyava.” Bibliotheca Orientalis 64, 590-611.
Ünal, A. 1991. “Two peoples on both sides of the Aegean: did the Achaeans and the Hittites know each other?” Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan 4, 16-44.
Vlachopoulos, A. ve M. Georgiadis, 2014. “The Cyclades and the Dodecanese during the post-palatial period: heterogenous development of a homogenous culture.” İçinde: N. C. Stampolidis, Ç. Maner ve K. Kopanias, eds., NOSTOI. Indigenous culture, migration and integration in the Aegean Islands and western Anatolia during the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age. Proceedings of an international symposium held at the Koç Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations, Istanbul, March 31-April 3 2011. Istanbul: Koç UP, 337-367.
Weninger, B., ve Jung, R. 2009. “Absolute Chronology Of The End Of The Aegean Bronze Age.” İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve A. E. Bächl, eds., LH III C Chronology and Synchronisms III: LH III C Late and the transition to the Early Iron Age. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, February 23rd and 24th, 2007. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 373-416.
Yasar-Landau, A. 2003. “The Absolute Chronology of the Late Helladic III C Period: A View ffrom the Levant.” İçinde: S. Deger-Jalkotzy ve M. Zavabil, eds., LH IIIC Chronology and Synchronisms. Proceedings of the International Workshop held at the Austrian Academy of Sciences at Vienna, May 7th and 8th, 2001. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 235-244.