Orman fidanlıklarında çökerten hastalığının önemi ve hastalığın biyolojik kontrolünde ektomikorizal fungusların kullanımı

Her yıl Türkiye de yaklaşık olarak, 700 milyon adet fidan üretilmektedir. Fidanlıklarda sağlıklı fidan üretimi bir çok faktörün etkisi altındadır. Fidan kalitesinin iyi olması, ağacın sonraki gelişimi dolayısıyla orman verimliliği açısından son derece önemlidir. Ancak, fidanlıklarda uygulanan hatalı üretim teknikleri fidanları hem çıkış öncesi hem de çıkış sonrası dönemde son derece tahripkar olan, çökerten etmenlerine karşı duyarlı hale getirmektedir. Sağlıklı fidan yetiştirmede, topraktaki besin elementlerinin ve suyun alınımını kolaylaştıran, kuraklığa, ağır metal toksisitesine ve hastalık etmenlerine karşı fidanların dayanıklılığını arttıran ektomikorizal fungusların önemi büyüktür. Bu makalede, çökerten hastalığının önemi, etmenleri ve hastalığın biyolojik kontrolünde ektomikorizal fungusların kullanım olanakları tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

mantar hastalıkları, ektomikoriza, biyolojik kontrol, orman fidanlıkları, Laccaria, fide çökerten, mikorizal mantar

The importance of damping-off disease in forest nurseries and the usage of ectomycorrhizal fungi in biological kontrol

Approximately 700 million forest seedlings are produced each year in Turkey. The production of healthy tree seedling depends on many interacting factors in nurseries. Seedling quality is important and reflected on the subsequent tree growth and the forest productivity. However, the defective production systems operating in some forest nurseries make the seedlings particularly sensitive to the damping-off disease which can cause great losses both before and after planting out. As to produce healthy seedlings, the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi which facilitate the uptake of water and nutrients, and increase plant resistance against draught, heavy metal toxicity and pathogens, is very important. In this review, the importance and the causal agents of the damping-off disease and its biological control with ectomycorrhizal fungi have been discussed.

Keywords:

fungal diseases, ectomycorrhizas, biological control, forest nurseries, Laccaria, damping off, mycorrhizal fungi,

PDF

___

Allen, E. B. and Allen, M. F. 1986. Water relation of xeric grasses in the field: Interactions of mycorrhizas and competition. New Phytol., 104: 559-571.

Anonim, 2001. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı sekizinci beş yıllık kalkınma planı özel ihtisas komisyon raporu, Ormancılık-, Yayın No: DPT 2531. Ankara

Annesi, T. and Motta, E. 1998. Hebeloma inoculation on Norway spruce seedlings in solarized and infested soil. E. J. Forest Path. 28: 159-166.

Barbey, S. 1996. The phytosanitary protection of ornamental conifers and shrubs. Revue Horticole Suisse 69:120-122.

Barnard, E. L., Gilly, S. P. and Ash, E .C. 1994. An evaluation of dazomet and metam-sodium soil fumigants for control of Macrophomina phaseolina in a Florida forest nursery. Tree Planters'-Notes 45: 91-95.

Bloomberg, W. L. 1979. Model simulations of infection of Douglas Fir seedlings by Fusarium oxysporum. Phytopath. 69: 1072-1077.

Bloomberg, W. L. 1985. The epidemiology of forest nursery diseases. Annual Rewiev of Phytopath. 23: 83-96.

Bloomberg, W. L and Lock, W. 1972. Strain differences in Fusarium oxysporum causing diseases of Douglas- fir seedling. Phytopath. 62: 607-611.

Branzanti, M.B., Weber., G. and Oberwinkler, F. 1994. Interactions between Cylindrocarpon destructans and ectomycorrhizas of Picea abies with Laccaria laccata and Paxillus involutus. Trees 6:83-90.

Britton, K. O. and Redlin, S. C. 1995. Damping-off of flowering dogwood seedlings caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Dis. 79: 1188.

Brundrett, M., Bougher, N., Dell, B., Grove, T. and Malajczuk, N. 1996.Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agricultureAustralian Center for International Agricultural Research, 374p.

Buscot, F., Weber, G. and Oberwinkler, F. 1992. Interactions between Cylindrocarpon destructans and ectomycorrhizas of Picea abies with Laccaria laccata and Paxillus involutus. Trees, 6:83-90.

Cellerino, G. P. 1996. Present situation and prospects in biological and integrated control of fungal diseases of forest plants. Innovations and prospects in plant protection, Ferrara, Italy, 24-25 Oct. Informatore-Fitopatologico. 46: 13-18.

Chakravarty, P. and Hwang, S. F. 1991. Effect of an ectomycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria laccata, Fusarium damping-off in Pinus banksiana seedlings. E. J. Forest Path., 21: 97-106. R. P. P. 71-503.

Chakravarty, P. and Unestam, T. 1987 a. Mycorrhizal fungi prevent disease in stressed pine seedlings. J. Phytopath. 118:335-340.

Chakravarty, P. and Unestam, T. 1987 b. Differential influence of ektomycorrhizae on plant growth and disease resistance in Pinus silvestris seedlings. J. of Phytopath. 120, 104-120..

Chakravarty, P., Peterson, R. L. and Ellis, B.E. 1990. Integrated control of Fusarium damping-off in red pine seedlings with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and fungicides. Can. J. of Forest Res. 20:1283- 1288.

Chakravarty, P., Khasa, D., Dancik, B., Sigler, L., Winchlacz, M., Trifonov, L. S. and Ayer, W.A. 1999. Integrated control of Fusarium damping-off in conifer seedlings. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 106: 342-352.

Chin, F.H. 1995. Damping-off in some forest nurseries in Sarawak. Leaflet Forest Path. Information Kuching 2: 7 pp.

Damm, E. and Unestam, T. 1990. Mycorrhizal Protection of Pinus sylvestris seedling roots against Rhizoctina. Presented at the first meeting of IUFRO working party S2.07-09 (Diseases and Insects in Forest Nurseries), Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.

Dick, M. and Vanner, A. L. 1986. Nursery diseases. Forest Pathology in New Zeland 16; 20 pp.

Duchesne, L. C. 2000. Role of mycorrhizal fungi in biocontrol. In: Pfleger, F. L. and Linderman, R.G.(Ed.), Mycorrhizae and Plant Health. APS Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, pp27-45.

Duchesne, L. C., Peterson, R. L. and Ellis, B.E. 1987. The accumulation of plant-produced antimicrobial compounds in response to ectomycorrhizal fungi. A review. Phytoprotection 68; 17-27.

Duchesne, L. C., Peterson, R.L. and Ellis, B.E. 1988 a. Interaction between the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus and Pinus resinosa induces resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Can. J. Bot. 66, 558-562.

Duchesne, L. C., Peterson, R. L. and Ellis, B. E. 1988 b. Pine root exudate stimulates the synthesis of antifungal compounds by the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. New Phytol., 108; 470-476.

Freire, F. C. O. 1996. Occurrence of Cylindrocladium scoparium, Pythium splendens and Phytophthora sp. associated with death of cashew seedlings (Anacardium occidentale L.) in Brazil. Agrotropica, 8: 69-72.

Fuente, A. L. O., Menezes M., Oliveira, S.M.A. and Coelho, R.B.S. 1996. Comparative analysis of pathogenic and physio-morphological characters to identify Cylindrocladium species. Summa Phytopathologica, 22: 27- 133.

Gür, K. 1998. Mikorizal sınıflandırma (Mikorizal enfeksiyon tipleri). Toprak ve Bitkide Mikoriza Workshop notları, 20-22 Mayıs, Adana, 56-58.

Hansen, E. M., Hamm, P. B., Julis, A. J. and Roth, L. F. 1979. Isolation, Incidence and Management of Phytophthora in Forest Nurseries in the Pacific Northwest . P. Dis. Rep., 63:607-611.

Hodges, C. S. 1962. Black root rot of pine seedligs .Phytopath., 52, 210-219.

Hwang, S.F., Chakravarty, P. and Chang, K. F. 1995. The effect of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Paxillus involutus and Suillus tomentosus, and of Bacillus subtilis on Fusarium damping-off in jack pine seedlings. Phytoprotection, 76: 57-66.

James, R. L., Dumroese R. K. and Wenny, D. L. 1989. Pathojenicity of Fusarium isolates from Douglas-fir seed and container-grown seedling. Station Buleltin of the Idaho Forest, Wildfire and Range Experiment Station No:52, 10pp. R. P. P. 72: 5554.

James, R.L., Dumroese, R.K., Wenny, D.L, Schmidt, W.C. and McDonald, K.J. 1995. Management of fungal diseases of western larch seed and seedlings. Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead. Proceedings of an international symposium, October 5-9, 1992. General Technical Report Intermountain Research Station,USDA Forest Service, 319: 300-306. Whitefish, Montana, USA.

Khan, S. N., Mishra, B. M., and Tivari, R. K. 1995. New host records of pathogenic fungi from India. Indian J. Forestry, 18: 89-92.

Kunstmann, E., Osorio, M. and Peredo, H. 1986. Mycological identifications in forest nurseries in Region X of Chile.Bosque 7: 51-56, In R.P.P. 69: 8293.

Lilja, A., Lilja, S., Kurkela, T. and. Rikala, R. 1997. Nursery practices and management of fungal diseases in forest nurseries in Finland. A review. Silva Fennica, 31:79-100.

Marschner, H. 1993. Zinc uptake from soils. In: Zinc in soil and Plants (Ed. Robson, A.D.), Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Marx, D. H. 1969. The influence of ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pathogenic infections. I. Antagonism of mycorrhizal fungi to pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopath., 59; 153-163.

Marx, D. H. 1973. Mycorrhizae and feeder root diseases. In Ectomycorrhizae: Their ecology and Physiology (eds G.C. Marks and T.T. Kozlowski)., Academic Press, New York, USA.pp. 351-382.

Marx, D. H. 1977. Tree host range and word distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius. Can. J. Microbiol. 23:217-223.

Mehrotra, M. D . 1990. Rhizoctonia solani, a potentially dangerous pathogen of pine and hardwoods in forest nurseries in India Eur. J. Forest Path. 20: 329-338, In R.P.P. 70: 5061.

Mehrotra, M. D. 1997. Diseases of Paulownia and their management. Indian Forester, 123:66-72.

Mirabolfathy, M. and Ershad, D. 1996. Studies on the conifer damping-off in the forest nurseries of northern and central Iran. Iranian J. of Plant Path., 32:6-8.

Molina, R. and Trappe, J. M. 1984. Mycorrhiza management in bareroot nurseries. In: Duryea, M. L. and Thomas D. L. (eds). Forest Nursery Manual: Production of Bareroot Seedlings. Martinus Nijhoff/ Dr W. Junk Publishers, Corvalis, pp.211-223.

Morin, C., Samson, J. and Dessureault, M. 1999. Protection of black spruce seedlings against Cylindrocladium root rot with ectomycorrhizal fungi. Can. J. Bot, 77: 169-174.

Mosandl, R. and Aas, G. 1986. The occurence and importance of fungi on germinating seedlings in montane mixed forest of the East Bavarian calcareous Alps. Forst und Holzwirt, 41:471-475, R.P.P.69:1250.

Motta, E., Annesi, T. and Balmas, V. 1996. Seedborne fungi in Norway spruce: Testing methods and pathogen control by seed dressing. Eur. J. Forest Path, 6: 307-314.

Ocamb, C.M. and Juzwik, J. 1995. Fusarium species associated with rhizosphere soil and diseased roots of eastern white pine seedlings and associated nursery soil. Can. J. Plant Path, 17: 325-330.

Piontelli, L. E., Grixolli, A. M. A. and Moraga, C. S. 1996. Mycological investigation of the rhizosphere and rhizoplane in a forest nursery of Eucalyptus globulus Labill in the V region Chile. Boletin Micologico, 11:17-32.

Sampagni, R. and Perrin, R. 1985. Attempts to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the protective effect of Laccaria laccata against Fusarium oxysporum. In: Physiological and Genetical aspects of Mycorrhizae (Ed. V. Gianinazzi- Pearson and S. Gianinazzi) Inra, Paris, France, 807-810.

Sanchez D. M. 1994. Survival of arbuscular mycorrhizal plants in drying soil. In: Mycorrhizas in Integrated Systems from Genes to Plant Development. Proceedings of the fourth European Symposium on Mycorrhizas, 11-14 July, Granada, (Ed. Azcon-Aguilar C. and J.M. Barea), pp: 402-412.

Sandlin, C. and Ferrin, D. M. 1993. Foliar blight and root rot of container grown giant redwood caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Plant Dis., 77: 591- 594.

Sarhan, A. R. T., Abdulhamed, F. A., Salam, M. and Ashki, A. H. 1989.Occurence and pathogenicity of damping-off fungi of pine seedlings.Acta-Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 24:3-4, R. P. P. 70: 8106.

Selik, M. 1986. Ormancılık Fitopatolojisi. İ. Ü. Orman Fak., Yayın No:3400, İstanbul, s. 224.

Sharma, J. K., Mohanan, C. and Florence, E. J. M. 1988. Diseases of forest trees in Kerala 3. Bombax ceiba. Evergreen-Trichur, No.20, 9-22. R.P.P.69:5250.

Sharma, J. K. and Sankaran, K. V. 1987 a. Diseases of forest trees in Kerela 1. Albizia falcataria. Evergreen-Trichur.No.18, 9-11.Forestry Abstracts, 51:3862.

Sharma, J. K. and Sankaran, K. V. 1987 b. Diseases of Albizia falcataria in Kerala and their possible control measures. Evergreen-TrichurNo.19, 7- 11, Forestry Abstracts, 51:4429.

Shukla, A. N. 1995. Management of diseases in the forest nurseries in India. Van-Vigyan, 33: 167-173.

Skarmoutsos, G. and Michalopoulou, H. 1992. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid: A pathogenic fungus to Christmas-tree plantations. Proceedings of the 5th Panhellenic Forestry Conference, March 4-6, Kalamata, Greece, 215-221.

Soldevilla, C. 1995. Losses caused by fungi (damping-off) in Pinus sp. grown in the greenhouse. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas, 21: 87-109.

Soni, K. K., Kalyani, K. B. and Rajarishi, R. 1992. Pythium aphanidermatum seedling blight of Hardwickia binata a new report in India. Indian J. Myc. and Plant Path, 21: 292-293, R.P.P. 72: 7927, 1993.

Sylvia, D. M and Sinclair W. A. 1993. Suppressive influence of Laccaria laccata on Fusarium oxysporum and Douglas fir seedlings. Phytopath, 73: 384- 389.

Tainter, F. H. and Baker, F. A. 1996. Priciples of Forest Pathology. John Wiley&Sons, USA, Inc. p. 805.

Tang, J., Zhou, J. S., Wang, K. X. and Kiu, W. L. 1988. Effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on damping-off of pinees. Forest Pest and Disease, No:4, 20-21. R.P.P, 70:2293

Tortora, U. A., Ciampi, P. L. and Gonzalez, M. S. 1994. Cultural and biological characteristics of isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. obtained from the IX and X Regions. Agricultura Tecnica Santiago, 54: 243-251.

Viljoen, A., Wingfield M. J. and Crous, W. 1992. Fungal pathogens in Pinus and Eucalyptus seedling nurseries in South African Forestry Journal, 161: 45- 51. In R.P.P. 72:8760.

Viljoen, A., Wingfield, M.J. and Marasas, W. F. O. 1994. First report of Fusarium subglutinans f.sp.pini on pine seedlings in South Africa. Plant Dis., 78:309-312, R. P. P, 73: 5318.

Walz, A. K. E. and Hindorf, H. 1989. Occurrence of Pythium ultimum and Fusarium arthrosporioides on beech nuts Fagus silvatica. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 96: 633-635. In R.P, 72: 4806.

Wardlaw, T. and Phillips, T. 1990. Nursery diseases and their management at the Forestry Commission nursery, Perth. Tasforests, 2:,21-26, R. P. P, 71: 3671.

Watanabe, T., Hagiwara, S. and Narita, I. 1995. Decline of Phellodendron amurense in Tokyo: associated fungi and pathogenicity of associated Cylindrocladium spp. Plant Dis., 79: 1161-1164.

Yakimenko, E. E. and Grodnitskaya, I. D. 1996. Damping-off of conifer seedlings in forest nurseries in the Krasnoyarsk region. Mikologiya-i- Fitopatologiya, 30: 56-60.