GENETİK TESTLER VE BUNUN İNSAN HAKLARI HUKUKUNUN BAZI ALANLARINA OLAN ETKİLERİ

Biyomedical alanda yaşanan yeni gelişmeler insan hakları hukuku alanında önemli çıkmazları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu yeni çıkmazlar biyoteknolojideki yeni gelişmelerin yansımaları olarak dünya genelinde pek çok tartışamaya neden olmuştur. Bu noktada geneleksel insan hakları konseptinin bundan sonra aynı olmayacağı ve konunun farklı argümanlarla tekrar ele alınması gerekeceği ifade edilebilir. Örneğin işyerinde gerçekleştirilen ve ayrımcılığa yol açan gentetik test uygulamaları konusunda yeni çözünler bulmak gerekecektir. Buna göre, klonlamanın bilim tarafından mümkün kılmasının ardından insan hakları hukuku alanında kişinin genetik kökenini bilmesi hakkı ya da genetik gizlilik hakkı gibi yeni tür insan hakları ortaya çıkmaya başlamıştır. Böylece yeni gelişmeler “biyo insan hakları” olarak adlandırılabilen yeni bir kavramı beraberinde getirmektedir. Bununla birlikte, son biyomedical yenilikler üreme alanındaki gelişmelerin yanı sıra fetusların da dizayn edilebileceği yeni yöntemlere sahiptir. Genetik teknolojideki bu hızlı ilerlemenin ardından insan DNA’larının toplanması ve analizi konusu da bu gelişmelerden payını almıştır. Bugün, doku, kan ve vücut sıvısı örneklerinin kullanılmasıyla kişinin mevcut ve gelecekteki sağlık durumuna ilişkin bilgilere ulaşılabilmektedir. Diğer yandan genetik bilgilerin özel durumu ve bunların ayrımcılığa yol açma tehlikesi büyük endişeye neden olmaktadır. Özellikle, genetik gizlilik, gen tastleri sonucunda ortaya çıkan bilgilere yetksiz üçüncü kişilerin ulaşması riski altındadır. Bu nedenle, bu tarz problemlerin çözümü yeni nesil hukuk kurallarıyla olacaktır

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Genetik Test, Biyotıp, Biyo İnsan Hakları, Genetik Araştırmalar, Ayrımcılık

GENETIC TESTS AND ITS IMPACTS ON SOME FIELDS OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

Recent developments in biomedicine caused considerable conversion in the area of human rights law. This new dilemmas gave rise to many discussions all around the world as reflections of these developmets on the biomedical technology. On this point, we can mention that hereafter traditional human rights concept will not be same and it will be required to reconsidering this issue with different arguments. To illustrate, because of the genetic tests carry out in workplace we will need to find new solutions about the implements which leads to discirimination. According to this, after the possibility of human cloning by science, new varieties of human rights commenced to emerge in the human rights law like right to genetic privacy or right to know ones genetic origin. Thus, recent developments bring a new concept that can be named as a “biohuman rights”. With this way, we can provide a better protection against all violations that head toward to human health safety or homo sapien. Nevertheless, recent innovations in biomedical area have new methods on designing fetuses as well as developments about human reproduction. In the wake of rapid progress in genetics technologies, collecting and analyzing of human DNAs receive its share form these innovasions. Today, informations about an individual’s present and future health can be reached with using small samples of tissue, blood or other body fluids. On the other hand, the special character of such genetic information and the potential risk to lead discrimination have caused great anixiety. In particular, privacy is under risk that unauthorized third ones can reach the informations produced by genetic tests. Therefore, these kind of problems will be untangled with new generation law rules

Keywords:

Genetic Tests, Biomedicine, Biohuman Rights, Genetic Researches, Discrimination,

PDF

___

ALLEN, Anita, Genetic Privacy: Emerging Concepts and Values, in: M. Rothstein (ed.), Genetic Secrets: Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality in the Genetic Era. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1997.
BARCLAY Lizabeth, MARKEL, Karen, Discrimination and Stigmatization in Work Organizations: A Multiple Level Framework for Research on Genetic Testing, Human Relations. Vol.60, 2007, s.953, 957.
BECKMAN, Ludvig, Scientific ContributionDemocracy and Genetic Privacy: The Value of Bodily Integrity, Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. Vol.8, 2005.
BIRNBACHER, Dieter, Thresholds of Coercion in Genetic Testing, Medicine Studies. Vol.1, 2009.
COUGHLIN, Steven, The Intersection of Genetics, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol.16(2), 1999.
ELLSWORTH Darrell L. Coronary Heart Disease at the Interface of Molecular Genetics and Preventive Medicine, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 16, Number 2, 1999.
EMERY Jon, HAYFLICK Susan, The Challenge of Integrating Genetic Medicine into Primary Care, British Medical Journal. Vol.322, 2001, s. 1027, 1030.
FOSTER, Morris, SHARP Richard, The Contractual Genome: How Direct-toConsumer Genomic Services May Help Patients Take Ownership of Their DNA, Personalized Medicine, Vol.5, 2008, s.399.
Genetic Privacy Page, What is Genetic Privacy, (www.worldprivacyforum.Org /geneticprivacy.html, 25 May 2011).
HOGARTH Stuart, JAVITT Gail, MELZER David, The Current Landscape for Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Legal, Ethical, and Policy Issues, Annual Revıew Genomıcs & Human Genetıcs. Vol.9, 2008, s.161, 171.
KHOURY, Muin J, Genetic and Epidemiologic Approaches to the Search for Gene-Environment Interaction (The Case Of Osteoporosis), American Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 147, 1998.
KHOURY Muin J. Genetics and Genomics in Practice: The Continuum from Genetic Disease to Genetic Information in Health and Disease, 5 GENETICS MED. Vol. 5, 2003, s. 261.
KATZ Gregory, SCHWEITZERT Stuart, , Implications of Genetic Testing for Health Policy, Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law and Ethics. Vol.10, 2010, 94.
Labgenetics, Gen Tests, (www.labgenetics.com.es, 22 May 2011).
LAURIE, Graeme, Genetic Privacy, A Challenge to Medico-Legal Norms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
MASON, J.K, LAURE, G.T. Law and Medical Ethics, Oxford, 2011.
MAXWELL, Mehlman, The Privacy of Genetic Information, (www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/content/bioethics/art1981.html, 25 May 2011)
McKINNON WC, BATY BJ, BENNETT RL, et al. Predisposition Genetic Testing for Late-Onset Disorders İn Adults. A Position Paper Of The National Society Of Genetic Counselors, Journal of American Medical of Association. Vol.278, 1997.
MUTCHERSON, Kimberly, Making Mommies: Law, Pre-Implantatıon Genetic Diagnosis and The Complications of Pre-Motherhood, Columbia Journal of Gender and Law. Vol.18, 2008.
National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Reproductive Genetic Testing, (www.genome.gov/10004766, 23 May 2011).
NIH-DOE, Working Group on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Human Genome Research, Task Force on Genetic Testing. Promoting Safe and Effective Genetic Testing in the United States. (http://ww2.med.jhu.edu/tfgtelsi/promoting 24 May 2011)
OMENN, Gilbert, Genetics and Public Health, American Journal of Public Health. Vol.86, 1996.
RICHARD, Lynn, Eugenics: A Reassessment, New York, 2001.
SANKAR, P. Genetic Privacy, Annual Review of Medicine. Vol.54, 2003.
SAXTON, Marsha, Why Members of the Disability Community Oppose Prenata Diagnosis and Selective Abortion, (eds.) Erik Parens, Adrienne Asch, in Prenatal Testing and Disability Rights, 2000.
The Free Dicitonary, Eugenism, (www.thefreedictionary.com/eugenism, 23 May 2011).
National Library of Medicine, Eugenics, (http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/glossary =eugenics 22 May 2011).
VINEIS, P. SCHULTE, P.A. Scientific and ethical aspects of genetic screening of workers for cancer risk: The case of the N-acetyltransferase phenotype. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. Vol.48, 1994 s.189–197.