Qualitative and Quantitative Examination of Algal Flora in the Gut Content of Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818

Larval chironomids feed on algae, diatomae, detritus, decaying plant and animal fragments. The larvae in turn are food for other carnivore and omnivore animals. Thus, larval chironomids have a very important role in the aquatic food cycle. In this study, the algal flora in the stomachs of Tanypus punctipennis, which is known as a very common species in Turkish Thrace, was examined in terms of qualitative and quantitative factors. It was found that Bacillariophyta was the dominant group with 42 taxa in the stomach of T. punctipennis. It was followed by Cyanophyta with 3 taxa, Euglenophyta with 6 taxa, Chlorophyta with 4 taxa, Carophyta with 2 taxa, and Rhodophyta with 1 taxa.

Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818’in (Diptera, Chironomidae) Mide İçeriğindeki Alg Florasının Kalitatif ve Kantitatif Açıdan İncelenmesi

Chironomid larvaları algler, diatomlar, detritus, bitki ve hayvansal parçalarla beslenir. Chironomid larvaları ayrıca etobur ve omnivore hayvanlar için besindir. Böylece, larval chironomids sudaki besin döngüsünde çok önemli bir role sahip olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Trakya’sında yaygın olarak bulunan Tanypus punctipennis larvalarının mide içeriğindeki alg florası kalitatif ve kantitatif olarak incelenmiştir. Bacillariophyta 42 takson ile T. punctipennis larvalarının midesinde hakim grup olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu grubu 3 takson ile Cyanophyta, 6 takson ile Euglenophyta, 4 takson ile Chlorophyta, 2 takson ile Charophyta ve 1 takson ile Rhodophyta grubu takip etmiştir.

___

[1] Cummins, K. W., Merritt, R. W., Andrade, P. C. N. 2005. The use of invertebrate functional groups to characterize ecosystem attributes in selected streams and rivers in south Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 40(1), 69- 89.

[2] Lemes-Silva, A. L., Pagliosa P. R., Petrucio, M. M. 2014. Inter- and intra-guild patterns of food resource utilization by chironomid larvae in a subtropical coastal lagoon. Limnology, 15(1), 1- 12.

[3] Morin, P. J. 2011. Community Ecology. 2nd edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 321p.

[4] Sanseverino, A. M., Nessimian, J. L. 2008. Larvas de Chironomidae (Diptera) em depositos de folhico submerso em um riacho de primeira ordem da Mata Atlantica (Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52(1), 95- 104.

[5] Ferrington, L. C. 2008. Global diversity of nonbiting midges (Chironomidae; Insecta-Diptera) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia, 595, 447-455.

[6] Silva, F. L., Ruiz, S. S., Bochini, G. L., Moreira, D. C. 2008. Functional Feeding Habits of Chironomidae Larvae (Insecta, Dipotera) In a Lotic System From Midwestern Region of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Panamjas, 3(2), 135–141.

[7] Berg, H. B. 1995. Larval food and feeding behaviour. Pp.136-168. In: Armitage P. D., P. S. Cranston, and L. C. V. Pinder (ed.)1995. The Chironomidae: biology and ecology of nonbiting midges. Chapman & Hall, London. 571.

[8] Rosa, B. F. J. V., Dias-Silva, M. V. D., Alves R. G. 2013. Composition and structure of the Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) community associated with Bryophytes in a first-order stream in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Neotropical Entomology. 42(1), 15– 21.

[9] Baker, A. S., Mclachlan, A. J. 1979. Food preferences of tanypodinae larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae). Hydrobiologia, 62, 283-288.

[10] Tatole, V. 2000. Checklist of Chironomidae (Diptera) of Romania. Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle “Grigore Antipa”, 42, 117-132.

[11] Arnold, M., György, D. 2004. Checklist of the non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Hungary with notes on records and peculiarity of the occurrence of the species. Acta Biologica, 12, 39-207.

[12] Özkan, N. 2006. Fauna of Chironomid (Chironomidae; Diptera) in Turkish Thrace Region (Kırklareli, Tekirdağ, İstanbul and Çanakkale). E.U. Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences, 23(1-2), 125–132.

[13] Özkan, N., Çamur-Elipek, B. 2006. The Dynamics of Chironomidae Larvae (Diptera) and the Water Quality in Meriç River (Edirne/Turkey). Tiscia, 35, 49-54.

[14] Çamur-Elipek, B., Arslan, N., Kirgiz, T., Öterler, B. 2006. Benthic Macrofauna in Tunca River (Turkey) and their relationship with environmental variables. Acta Hydrochimica Hydrobiologica, 34, 360-366.

[15] Özkan, N., Moubayed-Breil, J., Çamur-Elipek, B. 2010. Ecological Analysis of Chironomid Larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Ergene River Basin (Turkish Thrace). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 93-99.

[16] Çamur-Elipek, B., Güher, H., Kirgiz, T., Özkan, N. 2012. A Comparative study on larval Chironomid limnofauna (Insecta, Diptera) of some lakes in İğneada (Kırklareli, Turkey). Review of Hydrobiology, 5(1), 57-70.

[17] Moubayed-Breil, J., Ashe, P. 2012. An updated checklist of the Chironomidae of Corsica with an outline of their altitudinal and geographical distribution [Diptera]. Ephemera, 13(1), 13-39.

[18] Paasivirta, L. 2014. Checklist of the family Chironomidae (Diptera) of Finland. ZooKeys, 441, 63-90.

[19] Junk, W. 1979. Neusiedlersee, the limnology of a shallow lake in Europe. 543.

[20] Tarwid, M. 1969. Analysis of the contents of the alimentary tract of predatory Pelopiinae larvae (Chironomidae). Ekologia Polska series A, 17, 125-131.

[21] Fittkau, E. J., Roback, S. S. 1983. The larvae of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic Region-Keys and Diagnoses, Ent. Scand. Suppl. 19.

[22] Yalçın, Ş., 1991. Turkish Chironomidae Potamofauna. The scientific and technological research council of Turkey, Project No: TBAG 869.

[23] Epler, J. H. 2001. Identification manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) North and South Carolina (North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Water Quality.

[24] Trivinho-Strixino, S. 2011. Larvas de Chironomidae. Guia de Identificação. São Carlos. Universidade Federal de São Carlos. 371p.

[25] Hillebrand, H., Dürselen, C., Kirschtel, D., Pollingher, U., Zohary, T. 1999. Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. Journal of Phycology, 35, 403-424.

[26] Sun, J., Liu, D. 2003. Geometric models for calculating cell biovolume and surface area for phytoplankton. Journal of Plankton Research, 25, 1331–1346.

[27] Huber-Pestalozzi, G. 1982. Das Phytoplankton des Susswasser Teil: 8 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlund (Nagele U. Obermiller ), Stuttgart, 539 pp.

[28] John, D. M., Whitton, B. A., Brook, J. A. 2002. The freshwater algal flora of British Isles, An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae, Cambridge University Press, 700 p.

[29] Krammer, K., Lange-Bertalot, H. 1986-2004. Bacillariophyceae. 1-4 Teil. Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa. H. Ettl, J. Gerloff, H. Heynig, and D. Mollenhauer (editors). Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany.

[30] Round, F. E., Crawford, R. M., Mann, D. G. 1990. The diatoms, biology & morphology of the genera, Cambridge University Press, 746 p.

[31] Komárek, J., Anagnostidis, K. 2005. Cyanoprokariota. 2. Teil: Oscillatoriales. In: Büdel B, Gärtner G, Krienitz L, Schagerl M(eds) Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Elsevier. Heidelberg.

[32] Hindak, F. 2008. Colour Atlas of Cyanophytes. VEDA, Bratislava, 253 pp.

[33] Kristiansen, J., Preisig, H. R. 2011. Phylum Chrysophyta (Golden Algae). In: The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles. An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae. Second edition. (John, D.M., Whitton, B.A. & Brook, A.J. Eds), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[34] Guiry, M. D., Guiry, G. M. 2017. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; (searched on 19 April 2017).

[35] Addinsoft, 2015. XLSTAT, Data analysis and statistics with MS Excel. Addinsoft, NY, USA. xlstat available at http:// www.xlstat.com/en/home

[36] Armitage, P. D., Cranston, P. S., Pinder, L.C.V. 1995. The Chironomidae Biology and ecology of non‐biting midges. -XII + 572 pp., hardcover; Chapman & Hall, London etc.

[37] Henriques-Oliveira, A. L., Nessimian, J. L., Dorvillé, L. F. M. 2003. Feeding Habits of Chironomid Larvae (Insecta: Diptera) From a stream in the Floresta Da Tijuca, Rio De Janeiro. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 63(2), 269-281.

[38] Schmid, P. E. 1993. Random patch dynamics of larval Chironomidae (Diptera) in the bed sediments of a gravel stream. Freshwater Biology, 30, 239–255.

[39] Tokeshi, M. 1995. Species interactions and community structure. In: Armitage P.D., P.S. Cranston & L.C.V. Pinder (ed) The Chironomidae. Biology and ecology of non-bitting midges. Chapman & Hall, London. 297-335.

[40] Cartier, V., Claret, C., Garnier, R., Fayolle, S., Franquet, E. 2010. Multiscale approach to the environmental factors effects on spatiotemporal variability of Chironomus salinarius (Diptera: Chironomidae) in a French coastal lagoon. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 86, 637– 644.

[41] Sahuquillo, M., Poquet, J. M., Rueda, J., Miracle, M. R. 2007. Macroinvertebrate communities in sediment and plants in coastal Mediterranean water bodies (Central Iberian Peninsula). Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology, 43, 117–130.

[42] Tarkowska-Kukuryk, M. 2013. Periphytic algae as food source for grazing chironomids in a shallow phytoplankton dominated lake. Limnologica, 43, 254.

[43] Tarkowska-Kukuryk, M. 2011. Composition and distribution of epiphytic midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in relation to emergent macrophytes cover in shallow lakes. Polish Journal of Ecology, 59, 141.

[44] Ingvason, H. R., Olafsson, J. S., Gardarsson, A. 2004. Food selection of Tanytarsus gracilentus larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae): an analysis of instars and cohorts. Aquatic Ecology, 38, 231– 237.

[45] Tall, L., Cattaneo, A., Cloutier, L., Dray, S., Legendre, P. 2006. Resource partitioning in a grazer guild feeding on a multilayer diatom mat. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 25. 800–810.

[46] Tarkowska-Kukuryk, M. 2014. Spatial distribution of epiphytic chironomid larvae in a shallow macrophyte-dominated lake: effect of macrophyte species and food resources. Limnology, 15(2), 141–153.

[47] Pinder, L. C. V. 1986. Bıology of freshwater Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology, 31, 1-23.