Mikroçoğaltımda alıştırma

Mikroçoğaltım, genetik olarak birbirinin aynı olan çok fazla sayıda bitki üretimi için kullanılan bir bitki doku kültürü tekniğidir, in vitrodaki özel koşullar anormal bitki büyüme ve gelişmesine neden olmaktadır. Ex vitroya transferden sonra in vitro bitkiler çevre koşullarındaki ani değişikliklerden kolayca zarar görmekte ve anormallikleri düzeltmek için alıştırma periyoduna gerek olmaktadır. Bu derlemede ilk olarak ex vitro koşullarda alıştırma sırasındaki fotosentez, su ilişkileri ve yaprak yapısı tartışılmıştır. Daha sonra da alıştırma aşamasının hızlandırılması için bitki yaşamasını sağlamanın yolları değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

vejetatif çoğaltma, iklime uyum, net asimilasyon oranı, çoğaltma, mikroçoğaltma, fotosentez, doku kültürü, yetiştirme yöntemleri

Acclimatization in micropropagation

Micropropagation is a plant tissue culture technique used for obtaining a large number of genetically identical plantlets. The special conditions during in vitro culture result in plantlets of abnormal growth and development. After ex vitro transfer, these in vitro, plantlets might easily be impaired by sudden changes in environmental conditions and hence need a period of acclimatization to correct the abnormalities. In this article, firstly changes in leaf structure, water relations and photosynthesis during acclimatization of plantlets to ex vitro conditons are discussed. Then, some ways of improving plant survival and for speeding up of acclimatization are evaluated.

Keywords:

vegetative propagation, acclimatization, net assimilation rate, propagation, micropropagation, photosynthesis, tissue culture, cultural methods,

PDF

___

Amoncia, S., Rebordao, J.P., Chaves, M.M., 1999. Improvement of acclimatization of micropropagated grapevine: photosynthetic compotence and carbon allocation. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 58: 31-37.
Buddendorf-Joosten, J.M.C., Woltering, E.J. 1996. Controlling the gaseous composition in vitrodescription of a flow system and effects of the different gaseous components on in vitro growth of potato plantlets. Sci. Hort. 65:11-13.
De Klerk, G.J., 1999. Rooting treatments and the ex vitum performance of micropropagated plants: In International Symposium on Methods and Markers for Quality Assurance In Micropropagation. 24-27 Agust 1999, Cork. Irish Republic. Applied Plant Research, Centre for Plant Tissue Culture Research, Netherlands, abstract.
Desjardings, Y. 1995. Factors CO2 fixation in striving to optimize photoautotropghy in micropropagated plants. Plant Tissie Culture and Biotech. 1(1): 13-25.
Diaz-Perez, J.C., Sutter, E.G., Shackel, K.A., 1995. Acclimatization and subsequent gas exchange,water relations, survival and growth of microcultured apple plantlets after transplanting them in soil. Physiol. Plantarum. 95:225-232.
Estrada-Luna, A.A., Davies, F.T., and Egilla, J.N., 2001. Physiological changes and growth of micropropagated chile ancho pepper plantlets during accliamtization and post-acclimatization. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 66:17-24.
Fila, G., Ghashghaie, J., Hoarau, J., Cornic G., 1998. Photosynthesis, leaf conductance and water relations of in vitro cultured grapevine rootstock in relation to acclimatisation. Physiol. Plantarum. 102:411-418.
Fujiwara, K., Kozai, T. and Watanable I., 1988. Development of photoautotrophic tissueculture system for shoots and/or plantlets at rooting and acclimatization stages. Acta Horticulturae, High Technology in Protected Cultivation, 230, p:153-158.
Genoud–Gourichon, C., Sallanon, H., Coudret, A., 1996. Effect of sucrose, adar, irradiance and water concentration during rooting phase on the acclimation of Rosa hybrida plantlets to ex vitro conditions. Photosynthetica. 32:263-270.
Hayashi, M., and Kozai, T., 1988. Development of a facility for accelerating the acclimatization of tissue- cultured plantlets and the performance of test cultivations. Symp. Florizel on Plant Micropropagation in Hort. Ind. pp 123-134. Arlon, Belgium.
Kirdmanee, C., Kitaya, Y., and Kozai, T., 1995a. Rapid acclimatizationof Eucalyptus plantlets by controlling photosynthetic photon flux density and relative humidity. Environ. Control in Biol. 33(2): 123-132.
Kirdmanee, C., Kitaya, Y and Kozai, T., 1995b. Effect of CO2 enrichment and supporting material in vitro on photoautotropic growth of Eucalyptus plantlets in vitro and ex vitro. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 31:144-149.
Kirdmanee, C., Kitaya, Y and Kozai, T., 1995c. Effect of CO2 enrichment and supporting material in vitro on photoautotropic growth of Eucalyptus plantlets in vitro and ex vitro anatomical comparisons. Acta Horticulturae. 393:111-118.
Kozai, T., 1988. High technology in protected cultivation from environmental control engineering point of view. Int. Symp. on High Technology. Protected Cultivation, 10-11 May, 1988, Tokyo, Japan. pp. 3-43.
Kozai, T., 1991. Acclimatization of micropropagated plants. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, vol 17. High-Tech and Micropropagation I. (ed. By Y.P.S. Bajaj), Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, p, 127-141.
Kozai, T., Ting, K.C., and Aitken-Christie, J., 1991. Considerations for automation of micropropagation systems. Symp. Amer. Soc. Agr. Eng., p:503-517.
Kozai, T., Smith M.L., 1995. Environmental control in plant tissue culture- general introduction and overview. J. Aitken-Christie, T. Kozai and Smith, M. L. (eds), Automation and Envir. Cont. in Plant Tiss. Cult. Kluwer Academic Publ. Netherlands, p 301-318.
Lucchesini, M., Mensuali-Sodi, A., Massai, R., and Gucci, R., 2001. Development of autotroph and tolerance to acclimatization of Myrtus communis transplants cultured in vitro under different aeration. Biologia Plantarum. 44 (2):167-174
Mansuroğlu, S., Gürel, E., 2001. Mikroçoğaltım. Bitki Biyoteknolojisi I. Doku Kültürü ve Uygulamaları, Babaoğlu, M., Gürel, E. ve Özcan, S. (edt.) 374 sayfa, 262-281.
Noe, N., Bonini, L.,1996. Leaf anatomy of highbush blueberry grown in vitro and during acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. Bioligia Plantarum. 38:19-25.
Novello, V., Gribaudo, I., Roberts, A.V., 1992. Effects of paclobutrazol and reduced humidity on stomatal conductance of micropropagated grapevines. Acta Horticulturae, 319, International Syposium on Transplant Production Systems, 21-26 July 1992, Yokohama, Japan, volume,1:65-70.
Nguyen, Q.T. and Kozai, T., 1998. Environmental effects on the growth of plantlets in micropropagation. Envir. Cont. in Biol. 36(2) 59-75.
Okada, M., Ozawa, N and Hamasaki, T., 1992. A fog chamber for acclimatizing in vitro propagated plants to outdoor climate. Acta Horticulturae, 319, International Syposium on Transplant Production Systems, 21-26 July 1992, Yokohama, Japan, volume,1: 159-162.
Reuther, G., Botsch, K. and Meier K., 1992. Influence nutritional and environmental factors on production and photoautotophy of transplants In Vitro. Acta Horticulturae, 319, International Syposium on Transplant Production Systems, 21-26 July 1992, Yokohama, Japan, volume,1: 47-52.
Roberts A.V., Walker, S., Horan, I., Smith, E.F., and Mottley, J., 1992. The effects of growth retardants, humidity and lighting of stage III. on stage IV of micropropagation in Chrysanthemum and Rose. Acta Horticulturae, 319, International Syposium on Transplant Production Systems, 21-26 July 1992, Yokohama, Japan, volume,1:153-158.
Posposilova, J. Wilhelmova, N., Synkova, H., Catsky, J., Krebs, D., Hanackova, B., Snopek, J., 1998. Acclimatization of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions as affected by application of abscisic acid. J. Exp. Botany. 49:863-869.
Pospisilova, J., Ticha, I., Kadlecek, P., Haisel, D., and. Plzakova, S., 1999a. Acclimatization of micro propagated plants to ex vitro conditions. Biologia Plantarum, 42(4): 481-497.
Pospisilova, J., Synkova, H., Haisel, D., Catsky, J., Wilhelmova, N., and Sramek, F., 1999b. Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. J. of Exp. Bot. 50:119-126.
Premkumer, A., Mercado, J.A., and Quesada, M.A., 2001. Effect of in vitro tissue culture conditions and acclimatization on the contents of rubisco, leaf soluble proteins, photosynthetic pigments and C/N ratio. J. of Plant Physiology. 158: 835-840.
Pruski, K., Astatkie, T., Mirza, M., and Nowak, J., 2002. Photoautotrophic micropropagation of Russet Burbank potato. Plant Cell. Tissuse and Organ Cultture. 69:197-200.
Serret, M.D., Trillos, M.I., and Araus, J.L., 2001. The Effects of in vitro culture conditions on the pattern of photoinhibiiton during acclimation of Gardenia plantlets to ex vitro conditions. Photosynthetica. 39(1): 67-73
Solarova, J. and Posposilova, J., 1997. Effect of carbon dioxide enrichment during in vitro cultivation and acclimatitzation to ex vitro vondition. Biologia Plantarum. 39(1): 23-30
Soon, J.H., Cui, Y.Y., Kozai, T., and Paek, K.Y., 2000. Influence of in vitro growth conditions on photosynthetic compotence and survival rate of Rehmannia glutinosa plantlets during acclimatization period. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture. 61: 135-142.
Synkova, H., and Posposilova J., 2002. In vitro precultivation of tobacco affects the response of antioxidative enzymes to ex vitro acclimation. J. of Plant Physiol. 159: 781-789.
Ticha, I., Radochova,. B., Kadlecek, P., 1999. Stomatal morphology during acclimatization of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. Biologia Plantarum. 42:469-474.
Van Huylenbroeck, J.M., Deberg, P.C., 1996. Impact of sugar concentration in vitro on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism during ex vitro acclimatization of Spathiphyllum plantlets. Physiol. Plantarum. 96:298-304.
Vorackova, Z., Lipavska, H. and Konecny, P., 1998. The efficinecy of transfer of plants cultivated in vitro to ex vitro conditions as affected by sugar supply. Biologia Plantarum. 41849: 507-513.
Whish, J.P.M., Williams, R.R., and Taji, A.M., 1992. Accimatization effects of reduced humidity in vitro. Acta Horticulturae, 319, International Syposium on Transplant Production Systems, 21-26 July 1992, Yokohama, Japan, volume,1: 213-236.
Ziv, M. 1992. Morphogenic control for plant micropropagated in bioreactor cultures and its possible impact on acclimatization. Acta Horticulturae, 319, International Syposium on Transplant Production Systems, 21-26 July 1992, Yokohama, Japan, volume,1:119-124.
Zobayed, S:M.A., Zobayed, F.A. Kubota, C., and Kozai, T., 1999. Stomatal characteristics and leaf anatomy of potato plantlets cultured in vitro under photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic conditions. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 35: 183-188.