Bitki hastalıklarına dayanıklılıkta fenoliklerin rolleri

Bir hidroksil grubunu içeren aromatik bir halkaya sahip geniş bir madde gurubuna fenolik bileşikler denilmektedir. Karbohidratlar, antifungal, antibakteriyel ve antiviral aktiviteler gösteren fenoliklerin köküdürler. Bunların yüksek konsantrasyonları spor çimlenmesini ve fungıısların gelişimini engellerler. Fenoliklerin toksisitesi bunların yapısına bağlı olarak değişiklik gösterir ve genel olarak odihidroksi fenolikler yüksek oranda toksiktirler. Bazı fenolikler fungal enzimlerin üretimini inhibe eder ve patojenler tarafından üretilen enzimlerin akvitesini durdururlar. Fenolikler patojenler tarafından toksin üretimini bastırır veya bunların ürettiği toksinleri detoksife ederler. Kateşol, protokateşuik asit, klorojenik asit, umbelliferon, skopoletin, kalesin, gallokateşin, isokersetin, metoksihidroquinon, avenasin, arbutin, hordatin, sitosterol, floridzin glukosid, toınatin, tuliposid, metosimellin, falkarinol ve antosiyaninler gibi belirli fenoliklerin bazı spesifik direnç etkileşimleri ile ilişkili oldukları gözlemlenmiştir. Oksitlenmiş fenolikler, fenoliklerden daha toksiktir ve oksidasyon polifenol oksidaz yada peroksidaz aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilir. Bundan dolayı, bu enzimlerin artan aktivitesinin hastalığa karşı dirençle ilişkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bitkilerin fenol metabolizmalarını değiştirmek suretiyle hastalıklarla mücadele için bir çok girişimde bulunulmuş ve bazı başarılı sonuçlar alınmıştır. Fenolikler aynı zamanda fıtotoksik de olduklarından, yüksek konsantrasyonlarda yapraklara uygulanmaları mümkün değildir. Fenollerin sulama suyuyla birlikte uygulanması teşvik edici sonuçlar vermiştir. Etilen, gibberellik asit veya şeker püskürtme yada potasyum uygulaması fenoliklerin sentezlenmesM artırmış ve hastalıklara karşı direnç sağlamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

hastalığa dayanıklılık, bitki hastalıkları, fenoller

Roles of phenolics in plant diseases resistance

A wide range of substances possessing an aromatic ring bearing a hydroxyl substituent are called phenolic substances. Carbohydrates are the precursors of phenolics, which show antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral activities. At high concentrations they inhibit spore germination and growth of fungi. Toxicity of phenolics varies depending upon their structure and, in general, o-dihydroxy phenolics are higly toxic. Some phenolics inhibit the production of fungal enzymes and inactivate the enzymes produced by the pathogens. Phenolics may suppress toxin production by the pathogens or detoxify the toxins produced by them. Specific phenolics such as catechol, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, umbelliferone, scopolelin, catechin, gallocatechin, isoquercetin, methoxyhydroquinone, avenacin, arbutin, hordatine, sitosterol, phloridzin glucoside, tomatine, tuliposide, methoxymellein, falcarinol, and anthocyanins have been observed to be involved in specific resistant interactions. Oxidized phenolics are more, toxic than the phenolics and the oxidation is carried out by polyphenol oxidase or peroxidase. Hence, increased activity of these enzymes has been shown to be related to disease resistance. Many attempts have been made to control the diseases by altering the phenol metabolism of plants, but some attempts have resulted in success. Since phenolics are phytotoxic also, foliar aplication at high concentration is not possible. Applications of phenols in irrigation water has given encouraging results. Spraying ofethylene or gibberillic acid or sugars, or application of potassium has increased the synthesis of phenolics and induced resistance.

Keywords:

disease resistance, plant diseases, phenols,

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