Veba ile Başlayan Değişim: Kara Ölüm’den Sonra Büyük Britanya’da Değişen Gündelik Yaşam

Kara Ölüm 1347-1352 yılları arasında başta Avrupa olmak üzere dünyanın dört bir yanında etkili olan ve kısa sürede milyonlarca insanın yaşamını sonlandıran büyük veba salgınına verilen isimdir. 1348 yılının son döneminde Büyük Britanya’ya da sıçrayan bu büyük veba salgınıyla birlikte nüfusun önemli bir kısmı hayatını kaybetmiştir. Büyük Britanya genelinde nüfusu seyrekleştiren veba salgını sonrasında gündelik yaşamın olağan ritmi değişmeye ve yeni bir hal almaya başlamıştır. Kara Ölüm’ün yol açtığı can kayıpları insanı daha değerli kılmıştır. Bu durumda hayatta kalan fakir kesimin salgından sonraki süreçte standartlarında ciddi iyileşmelerin yaşanmasını sağlamıştır. Tek değişim bu da olmamıştır. Üretim ve tüketim alışkanlıklarından, mimariye, sanat ve edebiyata, düşünsel yapıya ve teknik ilerlemelere kadar gündelik hayatı oluşturan pek çok birleşen bu süreçle birlikte değişime ve yeni şekil almaya başlamıştır. Araştırma bu noktadan hareketle Kara Ölüm sonrasında Büyük Britanya’da yeni bir hâl alan gündelik yaşama genel bir bakış sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Kara Ölüm, veba, gündelik yaşam, Büyük Britanya

The Change That Started with the Plague: The Changing Everyday Life in Great Britain After the Black Death

The Black Death is the name given to the big plague epidemic, which was effective all over the world, especially in Europe, between 1347-1352 and ended the lives of millions of people in a short time. With this great plague epidemic that spread to Great Britain in the last period of 1348, a significant part of the population died. After the plague epidemic that influenced the population across Great Britain, the usual rhythm of everyday life started to change. The casualties caused by the Black Death made people’s lives more valuable. In this case, serious improvements in the living standards of the poor survivors were provided in the period after the epidemic. However, this was not the only change. Many elements that form daily life from production and consumption habits to architecture, art and literature, intellectual structure and technical advances, have started to change and take a new form with this process. From this point on, the research provides an overview of daily life that became new in Great Britain after the Black Death.

Keywords:

Black Death, plague, daily life, Great Britain,

PDF

___

Bailey, M. (1988). The rabbit and the medieval east anglian economy. The Agricultural History Review, 36(1), 1-20.
Barry, S. & Gualde, N. (2006). La plus grande epidemie de l'histoire. L'Histoire, (310), 37-60.
Benedictow, O. (2006). The black death 1346-1353. New York: Boydell Press.
Bisgaard, L. ve Sondergaard L. (Ed.). (2009). Living with the black death. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
Braid, R. (2010). Economic behavior, markets and crises. the english economy in the wake of plague and famine in the 14th century. Simonetta Cavaciocchi (Ed.), Economic and biological ınteractions in pre-ındustrial Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries içinde (s. 335-372). Floransa: Firenze University Press.
Bullen, A. H. (Ed.). (1889). Lyrics from the dramatists of the Elizabethan age. Londra: J.C. Nimmoi.
Byrne, J. B. (2006). Daily life during the black death. Londra: Greenwood Press.
Campbell, B. (2000). English seigniorial agriculture 1250-1450. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cannon, J. (2014). Medieval Church architecture. Londra: Shire Publications.
Carlin, M.&Rosenthal, J. T. (Ed.). (1998). Food and eating in medieval Europe. Londra: The Hambledon Press.
Cobban, A. B. (1969). The king‘s hall within the university of cambridge in the later middle ages (Cambridge studies ın medieval life and thought: third series, volume ı). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, K. (1973). Metamorphosis of a death symbol: The transi tomb in the late middle ages and renaissance. Berkeley-Los Angeles-Londra: University of California Press.
Comper, F. M. M. (Ed.). (1917). The book of the craft of dying, and other early English tracts concerning death. Londra-New York: Longmans, Green.
Crawfurd, R. (1914). Plague and pestilence in literature and art. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Dafydd Ap Gwilym (1982). The poems. (R. M. Loomis, Çev.). New York-Binghamton: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies.
Davis, D. E. (1986). The scarcity of rats and the black death: an ecological history. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 16(3), 455-470.
Dawson, I. & Watson, P. (1991). Medieval realms 1066-1500. Londra: Oxford University Press.
DesOrmeaux, A. L. (2007). The black death and ıts effect on fourteenth and fifteenth-century art. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Louisiana State University, Louisiana.
Dols, M. W. (1974). Plague in early Islamic history. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 94(3), 371-383.
Dunn, J. M. (2000). Life during the black death. San Diego: Lucent Books.
Dyer, C. (1988). Changes in diet in the late middle ages: The case of harvest workers. The Agricultural History Review, 36(1), 21-37.
Dyer, C. (2002). Small places with large consequences: the ımportance of small towns in England, 1000-1540. Institute of Historical Research, 75(187), 1-24.
Freeman, H. (2016). The black death a history from begining to end. Middletown: D.E. Press.
Gardner, A. (1951). English medieval sculpture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gasquet, F. A. (2008). The black death of 1348 and 1349. Londra: G. Bell Press.
Gecser, O. (Ed.). (2011). Promoting the saints: cults and their contexts from late antiquity until the early modern period; essays in honor of Gábor Klaniczay for his 60th birthday. Budapeşte: CEU Press.
Gelpi, A. P. (1998). Saint Sebastian and the black death. Vesalius, 4(1), 23-30.
Genç, Ö. (2011). Kara ölüm: 1348 veba salgını ve ortaçağ avrupa’sına etkileri. Tarih Okulu, S. X, 123-150.
Geoffrey Chaucer. (2018). Canterbury hikayeleri. (N. Ağıl, Çev.). İstanbul: Y.K.Y.
Gisselberg, S. (2012). Satire in the triumph of death: Pieter Bruegel and humanism. Proceedings of The National Conference On Undergraduate Research. 901-909.
Gottfried, R. S. (1983). The black death: natural and human disaster in medieval Europe. Londra: Macmillan Publishing.
Hatcher, J. (1994). England in the aftermath of the black death. Past and Present. 144(1), 3-35.
Hecker, J. F. K. (1850). The epidemics of the middle ages. (B. G. Babington, Çev.). Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Henry Knighton. (1995). Knighton's chronicle, 1337-1396. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press.
Henry, F. G. (Ed.). (1993). Fls: On the margins of French Literature. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Brill Rodopi.
Herlihy, D. (1997). The black death and transformation of the west. Londra: Harvard University Press.
Hilton, W. (1988). The ladder of perfection. (L. S. Price, Çev.). Londra: Penguin Classics.
Holbein, H. (1820). The dance of death. Pensilvanya: Pittsburgh Üniversitesi.
Horrox, R. (1994). The black death. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Huizinga, J. (1997). Ortaçağın günbatı. (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.). Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
Jillings, K. (2003). Scotland’s black death: the foul death of the English. Gloucestershire: Tempus.
John Fordun. (1872). John of Fordun’s chronicle of the Scottish nation. (F. J. H. Skene, Çev.). Edinburg: Edmonston and Douglass.
Karaimamoğlu, T. (2017). Ortaçağ Avrupası’nda tıp kültürü ve gelişmeleri. Tarih ve Gelecek Dergisi, 3(2), 44-61. DOI: 10.21551/jhf.316625.
Kowaleski, M. (2006). A consumer economy. Rosemary Horrox & Mark Ormrod (Ed.), A social history of England, 1200–1500 içinde (s. 238-250). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kralik, C. M. (2013). A matter of life and death: forms, functions and audiences for “the three living and the three dead” in late medieval manuscripts. (Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). University of Toronto, Toronto.
Langdon, J. (2004). Mills in the medieval economy: England, 1300-1540. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Luders, A. (Ed.). (1810-1828). Statutes of the realm 1101-1713. Londra: Dawsons of Pall Mall.
Marshall, L. (1994). Manipulating the sacred: Image and plague in renaissance Italy. Renaissance Quarterly, 47(3), 485-532.
McNeill, W. H. (1976). Plagues and peoples, Cleveland: Cleveland Press.
Mellon, J. (2008). The Virgin Mary in the perceptions of women: mother, protector and queen since the middle ages. Londra: McFarland Company.
Nikiforuk, A. (2016). Mahşerin dördüncü atlısı: salgın ve bulaşıcı hastalıklar tarihi. (S. Erkanlı, Çev.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
Nohl, J. (2006). The black death: a chronicle of the plague. Pennsylvania: Westholme Press.
Platt, C. (1997). King death. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Prior, E. S. (1905). Cathedral builders. Londra: Seeley ve Co. Limited.
Prior, E. S.&Gardner, A. (1912). Medieval figure-sculpture in England. Londra: Cambridge University Press.
Riley, H. T. (1868). Memorials of Londra and Londra life in the XIIIth XIVth and XVth centuries. Londra: Longmans Green Co.
Serdar, M. & Özer, G. (2019). Aziz Anthony ateşinin orta çağ avrupa toplumuna etkileri. Alınteri Sosyal Blimler Dergisi (ASOBİD), 3(1), ss.67-76, Doi: 10.30913/ alinterisosbil.471349.
Singman, J. L. (1999). Daily life in medieval Europe. Londra: Greenwood Press.
Slater. T. (Ed.). (2017). Towns in decline, ad 100–1600. New York: Routledge.
Spielvogel, J. J. (2015). Western civilization: volume B: 1300-1815. Boston: Cengage Learning
Stone, L. (1955). Sculpture in Britain: the middle ages. Baltimore: Penguin Books.
Sussman, G. D. (2011). Was the black death in India and China? Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 85(3), 319-355.
Throp, C. (Ed.). (2018). The horrors of the bubonic plague. Minnesota: Capstone Press.
Tuchman, B. W. (1978). A distant mirror: the calamitous 14th century. New York: Ballantine Books.
Underhill, E. (Ed.). (1922). The cloud of unknowing. Londra: St. Mary’s Hermitage Press.
Vanneste, S. F. (2010). The black death and the future of medicine. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisan tezi). Wayne State University, Detroit-Michigan.
Wallece, D. (Ed.). (2016). Europe A literary history 1348-1418. C. I. Londra: Oxford University Press.
William Langland (1988). Piers plowman: the b version-will's visions of piers plowman, do-well, do-better and do-best. George Kane ve E. Talbot Donaldson (Ed.), Londra: The Athlone Press.
William Shakespeare (2012). Romeo ve Juliet, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
Williams, A & Best, N. (1995). Medieval Britain. Londra: Weidenfeld ve Nicolson Ltd.
Williams, E. C. (1942). Mural paintings of the three living and the three dead in England. British Archaeological Association. (7), 31-40.
Woolgar, C. M. Serjeantson, D. & Waldron, T. (Ed.). (2006). Food in medieval England: Diet and nutrition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ziegler, P. (1993). The black death. Gloucestershire: Sutton Pub. Ltd.