İletişim Boyutunda Metin: Umberto Eco’nun Fikirleri Bağlamında Açık ve Kapalı Metin Arasındaki İlişki

Adı geçen makale, açık ve kapalı metinler arasındaki ilişkiye değinmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, yazar ve okuyucu arasındaki genel iletişim bağlamında açık ve kapalı metin arasındaki ilişkinin özelliklerini incelemektir. Makalemizde esas olarak U. Eco'nun konseptini desteklerken, onu, seçtiğimiz dört açıklık/kapalılık yaklaşımının analiziyle sunuyoruz. Açıklık/kapalılık yaklaşımları şu biçimlerde kavramsal bir vücuda bürünür: bunlardan ilki iletişim parametreleri arasındaki karşıtlığın ontolojik bir perspektifi olarak: metin bir süreçtir ve metin bir sonuçtur; ikinci olarak, biçim ve içeriklerine bakılmaksızın tüm metinlerin eklemlenmesi için ortak olan yorumlama prosedürleri olarak; üçüncü olarak, alıcıyı ortak yazarlığa davet eden eserlerin fiziksel bitmemişliğinin ontolojik ve teknolojik potansiyeli olarak (örnek olarak ‘hareket hainde çalışma’ ve hipermetin); dördüncüsü, bir metnin birden çok veya kesin yorumlamaya neden olma yeteneği olarak. Bunun haricinde metnin işlevsellik durumu onun sadece okuyucusu üzerindeki etkileşimi ile değerlendirilmeyip, metnin de kendi özelliğini ortaya koyarak bu etkileşimi uyardığı ve yatkınlık sergilediği de göz önüne serilmektedir (tarz olarak bilgilendirici ya da sanat ağırlıklı, kitsch veya yaratıcı sanatsal, hipermetin veya doğrusal yazım biçiminde olabilir, dijital veya analog). Sonuç itibariyle toparlayacak olursak açıklık/kapalılık yaklaşımları bu ikilemlerin netliğine zarar verebilmektedir: metin kendi açıklığını manipüle edici nitelikte kullanabilmekte ve nihai olarak da kapalı biçime dönüşebilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Yazar ve okuyucu, kodlar, iletişim, hiper metin, yorumlama

A Text in the Communicative Dimension: The Relationship between the Open and Closed Text in the Context of Umberto Eco’s Ideas

The article addresses the relationship between open and closed texts. The aim of the study is to analyze the specifics of relationship between the open and closed text in the general context of communication between the author and the reader. While supporting mainly U. Eco’s concept in our article, we furnish it with the analysis of four approaches of openness/closedness, which we have singled out. Openness/closedness is conceptualized, firstly: as an ontological perspective of the opposition between the communication parameters: The text-as-process and text-as-outcome; secondly, as interpretation procedures that are common for the articulation of all texts, regardless of their form and contents; thirdly, as the ontological and technological potential of works’ physical unfinishedness that invite the recipient to co-authorship (for example, ‘the work-in-movement’ and hypertext); fourthly, as the ability of a text to provoke multiple or unambiguous interpretations. We also demonstrate that the way of text’s functioning is determined not only by the addressee's attitude to it, but text itself, in return, stimulates this attitude, predisposing to it by its specificity (as informative or artistic, kitsch or art, hypertext or linear text, digital or analog). However, as we explain in the conclusion, the dialectic of openness/closedness can affect the distinctness of these dichotomies: The text can use its openness manipulatively, which turns it into a closed text.

Keywords:

Author and reader, code, communication, hypertext, interpretation,

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