Tarihi Yapıların Biyolojik Düşmanı Küfler

Konu ile ilgili daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda kültürel mirasın mikrobiyal kaynaklı bozulması ile ilgili farklı yapı malzemeleri incelenmiştir. Mikrobiyolojik bozulmanın atmosferik ve çevresel etkenlerle ilişkilerine bakılmıştır.Tarihi eserlerin ve tarihi binaların biyolojik bozulma sürecinde, mikroorganizmaların rolü son yirmi yıldır kabul gören ve araştırılan bir konu olmaktadır. Biyolojik bozulma, tek bir mikrobiyal grupla değil kompleks mikrobiyal ilişkilerin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.Çalışmamızda tarihi açıdan önemli bir merkez olan, İzmir İli’ndeki XIV-XIX. yüzyıllar arasındaki bazı tarihi yapıların küf içeriği incelenmiştir. Havasal ve yüzeysel örnekler arasındaki ilişkiye bakılmıştır. Bu incelemelerin sonuçları göz önünde bulundurularak, tarihi eserlerin bozulmasında rol oynayan küf florası belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, İzmir İli’nde farklı nem ve sıcaklık koşullarına sahip olduğu düşünülen 7 noktadaki (Bornova, Buca, Çeşme, Foça, Karşıyaka, Konak, Tire) tarihi yapılardan, sonbahar ve yaz olmak üzere 2 dönemde örnekler alınmıştır. Flora ile ilgili incelemeler sonucunda, havasal ve yüzeysel örneklerden toplam 192 izolat elde edilmiştir. Zygomycota, anamorfik Ascomycota ve teleomorfik Ascomycota gruplarına dahil 25 farklı cins tanılanmıştır. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phoma, Alternaria, Chaetomium ve Cladosporium en sık rastlanan küf cinsleri olmuştur. 6 izolat ise tanılanamamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

-

Molds the Biological Enemy of Historic Buildings

Also cultural heritage is a expression of high civilization, it provides positive supplement to economy and tourism of a country. That historical monuments should be protected is necessary to continiue cultural evolution.Biodeterioration problems in historic buildings are well recognized and during the past decades the role of the microbes in biodeterioration processes has been acknowledged. Biodeterioration cannot usually be related to single microbial groups; rather, they are a result of complex microbial interactions.In our study, fungal flora of historical buildings in İzmir, which is the important historical center, have been investigated. With this aim, samples were collected from 7 areas, which have different temperature and moisture conditions, in autumn and summer.The result of floral investigation, totally 192 isolates were obtained from the air and surface samples. 25 genera related to Zygomycota, anamorphic Ascomycota and teleomorphic Ascomycota were identified. Aspergillus, Penicillium, Phoma, Alternaria, Chaetomium and Cladosporium were found most frequently. 6 isolates were not identified.

Keywords:

-,

PDF

___

Agrawal, O.P.; Dhawan, S.; Garg, K.L.; Shaeen, F., 1988. Study of biodeterioration of the Ajanta wall paintings. International Biodeterioration 24:121-129.
Barlett, A.M.; Bowden, R.; Chın, N.X.; Cooper, C., 1997. Multicenter evaluation of proposed standardized prosedure for antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:139-143.
Barnett, H.L.; Hunter, B.B., 1989. Illustrated genera of imperfect fungi.
Berner, M.; Wanner, G.; Lubitz, W., 1997. A comparative study of the fungal flora present in medieval wall paintings in the chapel of the Castle Herberstein and in the Parish Church of Saint Georgen in Styria, Austria. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 40:53-61.
Bjordal, C.G.; Nilsson, T.; Daniel, G., 1999. Microbial decay of waterlogged archaeological wood found in Sweden. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 43:63-73.
Blanchette, R.A.; Nilsson, T.; Daniel, G.; Abad, A., 1990. Biological degradation of wood. American Chemicel Society, Washington DC, pp.141-174.
Blanchette, R.A.; Cease, K.R.; Abad, A.R., 1991. An evaluation of different forms of deterioration found in archaeological wood. International Biodeterioration 28:3-22.
Blanchette, R.A., 2000. A review of microbial deterioration found in archaeological wood from different environments. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46:189-204.
Canhoto, O.; Pinzari, F.; Fanelli, C.; Magan, N., 2004. Application of electronic nose technology for the detection of fungal contamination in library paper. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation (Article in press).
Chertov, O.; Gorbushina, A.; Deventer, B, 2004. A model for microcolonial fungi growth on rock surfaces. Ecological modelling 177:415-426.
Crispim, C.A.; Gaylarde, C.C.; Gaylarde, P.M., 2004. Biofilms on church walls in Porto Alegra, RS, Brazil, with special attention to cyanobacteria. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation (Article in press).
Dornieden, T.; Gorbushina, A.A.; Krumbein W.E., 2000. Biodecay of cultural heritage as a space/time -related ecological situation- an evaluation of a series of studies. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46:261-270.
Erickson, E.E.; Blanchette, R.A.; Ander, P., 1990. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood and wood components. Springer, Berlin, pp:407.
Gaylarde, P.M.; Gaylarde, C.C., 2000. Algae and cyanobacteria on painted buildings in Latin America. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46:93- 97.
Gorbushina, A.A.; Petersen, K., 2000. Distribution of microorganisms on ancient wall paintings as related to associated faunal elements. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46:277-284.
Gorbushina, A.A.; Dornieden, T.; Krumbein W.E.; Heyrman, J.; Delvalle, M.G., 2004. Bacterial and fungal diversity and biodeterioration problems in mural painting environments of St. Martins Church, Germany. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 53:13-24.
Guglielminetti, M.; Morghen, G.; Radaelli, A.; Bistoni, F.; Carruba G., 1994. Micological and ultrastructural studies to evaluate biodeterioration of mural paintings. Detection of fungi and mites in frescos of St Damian in Asisi. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 269-283.
Gurtner, C.S.; Pinar, G.; Lubitz, G.; Rolleke, S., 2001. Analysis of fungal communities on historical church window glass by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and phylogenetic 18 S rDNA sequence analysis. Jour. Microbiol. Methods 47:345-354.
Herrera, L.K.; Videla H.A., 2004. The importance of atmospheric effects on biodeterioration Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 54:125-134. heritage
constructional materials. International
ICOM Meeting Report 1999. On microbes and art: the role of microbial communities in the degradation and protection of cultural heritage. Environmental Microbiology 6:551-553.
Jeffries, P., 1986. Growth of Beauveria alba on mural paintings in Canterbury Cathedral. International Biodeterioration 22:11-13.
Karpovich-Tate, N.; Rebrikova, N.L., 1990. Microbial communities on damaged frescoes and building materials in the cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in the Pafnutii-Borovski Monastery, Russia. International Biodeterioration 27:281-296.
Kirk, P., 2003. The CABI Bioscience and CBS Database of Fungal Names.
Klich, M.A., 2002. Identification of Common Aspergillus Species.
Kowalic, R., 1980. Microbiodeterioration of library materials. Restaurator 4:135-219.
Krumbein W.E., 1988. Microbial interactions with mineral materials. Biodeterioration, 7, Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp:78-100.
Lamenti, G.; Tiano, P.; Tomaselli, L., 2000. Biodeterioration of ornamental marble statues in thr-e Boboli Gardens (Florence, İtaly). Jour. Applied Phycology 12:427-433.
Lewis, F.J.; May, E.; Brevery, A.F.,1988. Metabolic activity of bacteria isolated from building stone and their relationship to stone decay. Biodeterioration, 7, Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp:107-112.
Monte, M.; Ferrari, R., 2000. Airborne microorganisms in a subterranean archaelogical area of the basilica of San Lorenzo in Lucina (Rome). Aerobiologia 16:435-439.
Moral, S.S.; Luque, L.; Cuezva, S., 2005. Deterioration of building materials in Roman catacombs: the influence of visitors. Science of the Total Environment (Article in press).
Nagamuttu, S., 1967 Molds on optical glass and control measures. Int. Biodeterior. Bull. 3 (1967), pp. 25–27.
Nugari, M.P.; Roccardi, A., 2001. Aerobilogical investigations applied to the conservation of cultural heritage. Aerobiologia 17:215-223.
Pasanen, A.L.; Kasanen, J.P.; Rautiala, S., 2000. Fungal growth and survival in building materials under fluctuating moisture and temperature conditions. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 46:117-127.
Pitt, I.J.; Hocking, D.A., 1985. Fungi and Food Spoilage.
Pitt, I.J., 2000. A Laboratory Guide to Common Penicillium Species.
Resende, M.A.; Resende, G.C.; Viana, E.M.; Becker, T.W.; Warscheid, T., 1996. Acid production of fungi isolated from stones of historical monuments in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 37:125.
Saarela, M.; Alakomi, H.L.; Suihko, M.L.; Raaska, L.; Sandholm, T.M., 2004. Heterotrophic microorganisms in air and biofilm samples from Roman catacombs, with special emphasis on actinobacteria and fungi. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation 54:27-37.
Saiz-Jimenez, C.; Samson, R.A., 1981. Microorganism and environmental pollution as deteriorative agents of the frescoes of the monastery of Santa Maria de la Rabida, Huelva Spain. ICOM Meeting Report, pp:5-14.
Sampo, S.; Luppi, A.M., 1989. Astudy of the fungi occurring on 15th century frescoes in Florance, Italy. International Biodeterioration 25:343-353.
Savulescu, A.; Ionata, I., 1971. Contribution to the study of the biodeterioration of the works of art and historic monuments. Rev. Roum. Biol. Botanique 16:201-206.