ERNEST SOSA’NIN ERDEM EPİSTEMOLOJİSİ

ÖzBu makalede çağdaş erdem etiğinden hareketle bir erdem epistemolojisi geliştiren yaşayan analitik felsefecilerden Ernest Sosa’nın görüşlerini inceliyorum. Etikteki erdem teorisi fiil-temelli değil kişi temellidir; benzer şekilde, epistemolojideki erdem teorisi de inanç/önerme temelli değil kişi temellidir. Entelektüel erdem kavramıyla kişi temelli gerekçelendirme teorisi savunan Sosa, bu yolla, temelciliğin, bağdaşımcılığın ve Gettier sonrası problemlerin alternatifi olabilecek bir teori geliştirmiştir. Kökleri klasik epistemolojide Aristoteles’te, Aquinas, Descartes ve Reid’de bulunabilecek, çağdaş epistemolojide ise temelde Alvin Goldman epistemolojisine dayanan bu teori güvenilirciliğin arıtılmış bir versiyonudur. Bu epistemolojisinin en temel özelliklerinden biri temelcilik/bağdaşımcılık, içselcilik/dışsalcılık gibi dikotomilerden kaçınması ve epistemolojideki kutuplaşmaları uzlaştırarak aşmaya çalışmasıdır. Son olarak, Sosa erdem epistemolojisi Quinecı radikal doğallaştırılmış epistemolojiye karşı epistemolojinin normatif bir disiplin olduğunu savunur.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Erdem epistemolojisi, Ernest Sosa, Entelektüel erdem, Güvenilircilik

Virtue Epistemology of Ernest Sosa

In this article, I explore the views of Ernest Sosa, a living analytic philosopher who developed a virtue epistemology out of the contemporary virtue ethics. Virtue theory in ethics is personbased rather than act-based; and similarly virtue theory in epistemology is person-based rather than belief/proposition-based. In this way, Sosa who has defended person-based theory of justification with the aid of intellectual virtue, developed a theory that can be an alternative to foundationalism, coherentism and post-Gettier problems. The theory is a refined version of reliabilism and its roots can be traced back to Aristotle, Aquinas, Descartes and Reid in classical epistemology and it also basically depends on epistemology of Alvin Goldman in contemporary epistemology. One of the most important features of this epistemology is refrain from dichotomies such as foundationalism/coherentism and internalism/externalism and try to surpass polarization by reconciling them. Finally, virtue epistemology of Sosa defends epistemology as a normative discipline against Quineist radical naturalized epistemology.

Keywords:

Virtue epistemology Ernest Sosa, Intellectual Virtue, Reliabilism, Normativity,

PDF

___

Alpyagil, Recep, “Virtue in Islam”, The Handbook of Virtue Ethics, Stan van Hooft (ed.),
Anscombe, G. E. M., “Modern Moral Philosophy”, Philosophy, 33 (1958).
Audi, Robert, “Intellectual Virtue and Epistemic Power”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics,
Ayten, Ali, Erdeme Dönüş: Psikoloji ve Mutluluk Yolu, İkinci Baskı, İstanbul: İz Yayıncı-lık, 2016.
Batak, Kemal, “Aristoteles’te Entelektüel Erdemler”, Felsefe Dünyası, Sayı 63 (2016).
_______, “Ernest Sosa ve Gettier Problemi”, Ethos, Sayı: 9 (2) (Temmuz, 2016).
_______, “Ernest Sosa’da Hayvani Bilgi ve Tefekküri Bilgi”, Kutadgubilig, Sayı: 32
_______, “Ernest Sosa’nın Temelci ve Bağdaşımcı Gerekçelendirme Eleştirisi”, FLSF (Felsefe ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi), Sayı: 21 (2016).
_______, Felsefenin Sonu?: W. V. Quine, Doğallaştırılmış Epistemoloji ve A Priori
Feldman, Richard, “Foundational Justification”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Epistemology: An Anthology, Ernest Sosa, Jaegwon Kim (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Ernest Sosa, “Beyond Scepticism, to the Best of our Knowledge”, Mind, Sayı: 97, (1988).
Fumerton, Richard, “Achieving Epistemic Ascent”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
_______, “Sosa’s Epistemology”, Philosophical Issues, cilt 5, (1994).
Goldman, Alvin I., “A Causal Theory of Knowing”, The Journal of Philosophy, Cilt 64, (1967).
_______, “Reliabilism”, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version 1.0, London and
Greco, John, “Introduction: Motivations for Sosa’s Epistemology”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
_______, “Sosa, Ernest (1940- )”, The Dictionary of Modern American Philosophers, John
_______, “Virtue Epistemology”, A Companion to Epistemology, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (ed.), İkinci Baskı, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
_______, “Virtues in Epistemology”, The Oxford Handbook of Epistemology, Paul K. Moser (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
_______, Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity,
Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E. P., Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
MacIntyre, Alasdair, After Virtue: A study in Moral Philosophy, Notre Dame: Notre Dame University Press, 1981.
Plantinga, Alvin, Warrant and Proper Function, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
_______, Warrant: The Current Debate, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Pritchard, Duncan, What is This Thing Called Knowledge, London: Routledge, 2010.
Roberts, Robert C.; Wood, W. Jay, Intellectual Virtues: An Essay in Regulative Epistemology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
Sosa, Ernest, “An Interview with Ernest Sosa in EPhilosopher”, http://www.ernestsosa.com/interviews.html, 31.08.2016.
_______, “Intellectual Virtue in Perspective”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “Introduction: Back to Basics”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “Knowledge and Intellectual Virtue”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “Methodology and Apt Belief”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in
_______, “Reliabilism and Intellectual Virtue”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays
_______, “Reflective Knowledge in the Best Circles”, The Journal of Philosophy, 94 (1997).
_______, “Reply to Linda Zagzebski”, Ernest Sosa and His Critics, John Greco (ed.), Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2004
_______, “Sources and Acknowledgments”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “The Analysis of ‘Knowledge that p’”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “The Coherence of Virtue and the Virtue of Coherence”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “The Raft and Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of Knowledge”, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 5, (1980).
_______, “The Raft and Pyramid: Coherence versus Foundations in the Theory of
_______, “Theories of Justification: Old Doctrines Newly Defended”, Knowledge in Perspective, Selected Essays in Epistemology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
_______, “Three Forms of Virtue Epistemology”, Knowledge, Belief, and Character:
Readings in Virtue Epistemology, Guy Axtell (ed.), Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2000.
_______, “Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles: Ernest Sosa”, A Companion to Epistemology, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa, and Matthias Steup (ed.), İkinci Baskı, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
_______, “Two False Dichotomies: Foundationalism/Coherentism and Internalism/Externalism”, Pyrrhonian Skepticism, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
_______, A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, cilt I, Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2007.
_______, Reflective Knowledge: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Volume II, Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2011.
teup, Matthias, “Sosa, Ernest (1940- )”, Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Donald
M. Borchert (ed.), Detroit: Thomson and Gale, 2006.
Zagzebski, Linda, “Virtue Epistemology” Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Version
1.0, London and New York: Routledge (1998).
_______, Fairweather, Abrol, “Introduction”, Virtue Epistemology: Essays on Epistemic
Virtue and Responsibility, Linda Zagzebski, AbrolFairweather (ed.), Oxford: