Yaşam Boyu Gelişimde Motivasyon Kuramı Çerçevesinde Kontrol Stratejilerinin İncelenmesi

Araştırmanın temel amacı Yaşam Boyu Gelişimde Motivasyon Kuramı (Heckhausen, Wrosch ve Schulz, 2010) çerçevesinde, genç bireylerin belirledikleri bir hedefe ulaşma sürecinde başvurdukları kontrol stratejilerinin neler olduğunu incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini yaşları 18 ile 30 arasında değişen 396 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların 214’ü kadın (%54), 182’si (%46) erkektir. Yaş ortalaması ise 23.92’dir (SS = 3.80). Katılımcılar en az lise mezunudur. Katılımcılardan ilk olarak lise veya üniversite yıllarında belirlemiş oldukları hedefi hatırlamaları ve bu hedefe ulaşma sürecinde bir engel ya da başarısızlıkla karşılaşmaları durumunda başvurdukları kontrol stratejilerinin neler olduğunu belirtmeleri istenmiştir. Katılımcılara ayrıca Optimizasyon ve Kontrol Stratejileri Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında belirlenen hedefle ilgili olarak yakın çevredeki bireylerden ne ölçüde destek algılandığı da incelenmiştir. Yaşam Boyu Gelişimde Motivasyon Kuramı (Heckhausen ve ark., 2010) çerçevesinde yürütülen niteliksel veri analizi sonucunda verilen yanıtların önemli bir çoğunluğu seçici birincil kontrol ve ödünleyici birincil kontrol stratejileri kapsamında sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu iki stratejiyi seçici ikincil kontrol stratejisi izlemiştir. Katılımcılar tarafından en az başvurulan kontrol stratejisinin ise ödünleyici ikincil kontrol stratejisi olduğu görülmüştür. Tek Faktörde Tekrar Ölçümlü ANOVA sonuçları da ödünleyici ikincil kontrol stratejisinin diğer kontrol stratejilerine kıyasla katılımcılar tarafından daha az kullanıldığına işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca bireylerin hedefe ulaşma sürecinde en çok annelerinden destek algıladıkları görülmüştür. Çalışma kapsamında zamana ve çabaya yatırım yapma, tekrardan deneme, mücadele etme, yeni yöntemlere başvurma, diğer insanlardan yardım ve tavsiye isteme gibi stratejilerin katılımcılar tarafından daha çok kullanıldığı ortaya konulmuştur. Elde edilen bu yöndeki sonuçlar, genç bireylerin belirledikleri hedeflere ulaşma sürecinde bir engel ya da başarısızlıkla karşılaşmaları durumunda büyük ölçüde çaba harcamaya devam ettiklerine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Gelişimsel hedefler, Yaşam Boyu Gelişimde Motivasyon Kuramı, kontrol stratejileri, lise veya üniversite yılları

The Investigation of Control Strategies within the frame of Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the control strategies used by individuals in the process of reaching a goal within the frame of the motivational theory of life-span development (Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010). The sample consisted of 396 participants aged between 18 and 30 years. 214 (54%) of the participants were women and 182 (46%) of them were men. The mean age of the participants was 23.92 years (SD = 3.80). All of the participants were at least high school graduates. The participants were asked to remember the goal they had set for themselves during high school and university years, and to indicate what control strategies they applied if they had encountered an obstacle or a failure in the process of reaching this goal. The Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scale was also administered to the participants. In this study, we also examined the perceived support from significant others related to the goal. Qualitative data analysis conducted in the frame of motivational theory of life-span development (Heckhausen et al., 2010) indicated that a significant majority of respondents’ answers could be classified as selective primary control and compensatory primary control strategies. These two strategies were followed by selective secondary control. The control strategy which was least used by the participants, was the compensatory secondary control. The results of the One-Way Repeated Measures of ANOVA also revealed that the compensatory secondary control was less frequently used compared to other control strategies. Our findings also showed that participants perceived support mostly from their mothers. The study indicated that participants used strategies such as investing time and effort, trying again and struggling, using new methods, and seeking help or advice from other people more than other strategies. The results also revealed that young individuals who encounter obstacles or failures in the process of reaching their goals mostly continue to strive to achieve their goals.

Keywords:

Developmental goals, motivational theory of life-span development, control strategies, high school or university years,

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