Bahar BAHTİYAR SAYGAN, Nilay PEKEL ULUDAĞLI

Yaşam Boyu Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rollerinin Gelişimi

Günümüzde hemen hemen her çocuk, cinsiyet rollerinin sosyal olarak inşa edildiği bir topluma doğmakta ve bu roller bazında ayrıştırılmış bir dünyada büyümektedir. Bebeklik ve çocukluk dönemi boyunca sosyalleştirme sürecinde rol oynayan aile, arkadaş, medya gibi faktörlerin etkisiyle çocuklar, toplum tarafından belirlenen ve uyum göstermeleri beklenen cinsiyet rollerini öğrenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda cinsiyet farklılıklarına bakıldığında, kız çocukları daha baskıcı yaklaşımlarla karşılaşmakta ve onların, oğlan çocuklarına göre daha uysal, boyun eğen, uyumlu, duygularını gösteren, ilişkilere önem veren bir biçimde davranmaları istenmektedir. Öte yandan oğlan çocukları ise baskın, güçlü, bağımsız ve duygu kontrolüne sahip olarak yetiştirilmekte ve her koşulda bu doğrultuda davranmaları beklenmektedir. Bebeklikten ergenliğe bu öğretilerle sosyalleştirilen çocuklar, kendi ebeveynlerinin sergilediği cinsiyet rollerinden de güçlü bir şekilde etkilenerek, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini içselleştirmektedir. İçselleştirilmiş bu cinsiyet rollerinin etkisi yaşam boyu sürmektedir. Cinsiyet kalıpyargılarının hem kadınlar hem de erkekler üzerinde kısa ve uzun vadede baskı ve strese neden olduğu bilinmekte, toplumun cinsiyet bazlı beklentilerine uyum gösterme ihtiyacı bireylerin psikolojik sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Son yıllarda cinsiyet eşitliği konusunda toplumsal farkındalık artsa da halen birçok ülkede pek çok alanda cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin sürdüğü bilinmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ilgili alan yazında tutarlı bir şekilde belirtildiği gibi, toplumsal cinsiyet psikolojisi her iki cinsiyeti de yaşamlarının her döneminde etkilemekte ve bu da cinsiyet eşitliğine yönelik politikaların önemini açıkça ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Cinsiyet gelişimi, Cinsiyet rolleri, Cinsiyet kalıpyargıları, Cinsiyet eşitliği, Yaşam boyu gelişim

Lifespan Development of Gender Roles

Today, almost every child is born into a society where gender roles are socially built and grows in such a gender-segregated world. With the influence of factors such as family, friends, and media, which play a role in the socialization process during infancy and childhood, children learn about gender roles determined by the society. In this context, from the perspective of gender differences, girls face more oppressive approaches and are expected to behave submissively, be more easy going, complier, relational, and show their emotions more deeply compared to their male peers. On the other hand, boys are rared as strong, independent, less emotional, and they are expected to behave in this way under all circumstances. Children who are socialized with these teachings from infancy to adolescence are also strongly influenced by the gender roles displayed by their parents and ultimately internalize those gender roles which has a lifetime effect on them. It is known that gender stereotypes cause pressure and stress on both women and men both concurrently and in the long-run, and the need to adapt to the gender-based expectations of the society adversely affects their psychological health. Although social consciousness about gender equality has increased in recent years, it is known that gender inequality still continues in many countries. As a result, psychology of gender affects each individual at every stage of their lives, as stated consistently in the related literature, which clearly demonstrates the importance of policies for gender equality.

Keywords:

Gender development, gender roles, gender streotypes, gender equality, lifespan development,

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