Sosyal Ağ Sitelerinde Fiziksel Görünüm Karşılaştırmaları, Bedeni Beğenme ve Depresyon

Bu çalışmanın amaçlarından birincisi, kişilerin sosyal ağ sitelerini kullanma yoğunlukları, sosyal ağlarda kendi görünümlerini başkalarınınkilerle karşılaştırma sıklıkları, bedenlerini beğenme ve depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. İkincisi, beden görünümüne yönelik sosyal karşılaştırmaların bedenini beğenmeyle ilişkisinde, biri bireysel, diğeri kişilerarası nitelikte iki değişkenin (öz-şefkat ve ilişkisel yakınlık düzeyi) rolünü sorgulamaktır. Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi’nin 228 öğrencisi çalışmaya katılmıştır. Katılımcılara Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği, Durumsal Depresyon Envanteri, Öz-Şefkat Ölçeği, Diğerini Kendi Benliğine Katma Ölçeği, Sosyal Ağ Kullanım Yoğunluğu Ölçeği, sosyal ağlarda fiziksel görünüm karşılaştırması yapmaya ilişkin sorular ve Demografik Bilgi Formu uygulandı. Sosyal ağ kullanım yoğunluğunun, fiziksel görünüme dair yukarı yönde karşılaştırmaları daha fazla yapmak ve kendi görünümünü beğenmemek yoluyla dolaylı biçimde depresyonla ilişkilendiği yapısal bir model sınandı. Sosyal ağ kullanımındaki artışın, fiziksel görünüme dair yukarı yönde karşılaştırmalardaki artışla; yukarı yönde karşılaştırmalardaki artışın, kendi görünümünü daha az beğenmekle; kendi görünümünü beğenmedeki azalmanın ise depresyon düzeylerindeki artışla ilişkili olduğu görüldü. Çalışmanın bulguları, sosyal ağ kullanımının depresyon üzerindeki etkisinin, bu kullanım sırasındaki sosyal karşılaştırma sürecine bağlı olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Dahası kullanıcıların öz-şefkati yüksekse, görünüm karşılaştırması yapmanın olumsuz etkisinin azalacağına işaret eden bulgulara ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

sosyal ağ kullanımı, sosyal karşılaştırma, bedeni beğenme, depresyon, öz-şefkat

Physical Appearance Comparisons on Social Networking Sites, Body Appreciation and Depression

The first aim of this study is to examine the associations between the intensity of using social networking sites, the frequency of making appearance comparisons in those sites, and the users’ body appreciation and depression. The second aim is to investigate the roles of two variables (self-compassion and relational closeness level) in the relationship between the physical appearance comparisons made in the social networking sites and the users’ body appreciation. Participants were 228 students of Bulent Ecevit University. The Social Network Usage Intensity Scale, Inclusion-of-Other-in-the-Self Scale, Self-Compassion Scale, State Depression Scale, The Body Appreciation Scale, some items about the frequency of making appearance comparisons in social networks, and a socio-demographic form were applied. A structural model was tested in which the intensity of social network usage was associated to depression through a serial mediation of appearance comparisons and body appreciation. The findings of the study pointed out that an increase in the use of social networks was related to an increase in the frequency of making appearance comparisons, which in turn was related to increases in body appreciation and depression. In line of the findings, it can be said the consequence of social network use on depression depends on the social comparison process during the usage, and the adverse effect of appearance comparisons may be reduced if the users are self-compassionate.

Keywords:

social networking, appreciation, depression,

PDF

___

Albertson ER, Neff KD, Dill-Shackleford KE (2015) Self-compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness, 6(3): 444-454.
Anlı G, Akın A, Eker H, Özçelik B (2015) Bedeni beğenme ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Academiz Social Sciences Studies,36: 505-511.
Appel H, Gerlach AL, Crusius J (2016) The interplay between Facebook use, social comparison, envy, and depression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9: 44-49.
Aron A, Aron EN, Smollan D (1992) Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. J Pers Soc Psychol, 63(4): 596-612.
Brown Z, Tiggemann M (2016) Attractive celebrity and peer images on Instagram: Effect on women's mood and body image. Body Image, 19: 37-43.
Choi YM, Lee DG, Lee HK (2014) The effect of self-compassion on emotions when experiencing a sense of inferiority across comparison situations. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114: 949-953.
Davis C, Katzman M (1997) Charting new territory: Body esteem, weight satisfaction, depression, and self-esteem among Chinese males and females in Hong Kong. Sex Roles, 36(7-8): 449-459.
Deniz M, Kesici Ş, Sümer AS (2008) The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Self-Compassion Scale. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 36(9): 1151-1160.
Dincer D, Eksi H, Aron A (2018) Two new scales in the field of couples and marriage counseling: The inclusion of other in the self scale and Turkish self-change in romantic relationships scale. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 48, p. 01053). EDP Sciences.
Durkin SJ, Paxton SJ, Sorbello M (2007) An integrative model of the impact of exposure to idealized female images on adolescent girls’ body satisfaction 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(5): 1092-1117.
Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C (2007) The benefits of Facebook “friends:” social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. J Comput-Mediat Comm, 12(4): 1143-1168.
Esnaola I, Rodríguez A, Goñi A (2010) Body dissatisfaction and perceived sociocultural pressures: Gender and age differences. Salud Mental, 33(1): 21-29.
Feinstein BA, Hershenberg R, Bhatia V, Latack JA, Meuwly N, Davila J (2013) Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychol Pop Media Cult, 2(3): 161-170.
Festinger L (1954) A theory of social comparison processes. Hum Relat, 7(2): 117-140.
Groesz LM, Levine MP, Murnen SK (2002) The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review. Int J Eat Disord, 31(1): 1-16.
Haferkamp N, Krämer NC (2011) Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 14(5): 309-314.
Hayes AF (2013) Mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach edn. New York: Guilford Publications, 1-20.
Hendrickse J, Arpan LM, Clayton RB, Ridgway JL (2017) Instagram and college women's body image: Investigating the roles of appearance-related comparisons and intrasexual competition. Comput Human Behav, 74: 92-100.
Ho SS, Lee EW, Liao Y (2016) Social network sites, friends, and celebrities: The roles of social comparison and celebrity involvement in adolescents’ body image dissatisfaction. Social Media+ Society, 2(3): 1-11.
Homan KJ, Tylka TL (2015) Self-compassion moderates body comparison and appearance self-worth's inverse relationships with body appreciation. Body Image, 15: 1-7.
Keery H, Van den Berg P, Thompson JK (2004) An evaluation of the Tripartite Influence Model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls. Body Image, 1(3): 237-251.
Kim JW (2018) Facebook use for profile maintenance and social grooming and young Korean women’s appearance comparison with peers and body image concerns. Social Media+ Society, 4(2): 1-11.
Kim M, Park W (2016) Who is at risk on Facebook? The effects of Facebook news feed photographs on female college students’ appearance satisfaction. The Social Science Journal, 53(4): 427-434.
Kostanski M, Gullone E (1998) Adolescent body image dissatisfaction: Relationships with self-esteem, anxiety, and depression controlling for body mass. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 39(2): 255-262.
Labre MP (2002) Adolescent boys and the muscular male body ideal. J Adolesc Health, 30(4): 233-242.
Leit RA, Gray JJ, Pope Jr HG (2002) The media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia?. Int J Eat Disord, 31(3): 334-338.
Lim SA, You S (2017) Effects of self-esteem and depression on abnormal eating behavior among Korean female college students: mediating role of body dissatisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(1): 176-182.
Liu J, Li C, Carcioppolo N, North M (2016) Do our Facebook friends make us feel worse? A study of social comparison and emotion. Human Communication Research, 42(4): 619-640.
Lup K, Trub L, Rosenthal L (2015) Instagram# instasad?: exploring associations among instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 18(5): 247-252.
Mintz LB, Betz NE (1986) Sex differences in the nature, realism, and correlates of body image. Sex roles, 15(3-4): 185-195.
Myers TA, Crowther JH (2009) Social comparison as a predictor of body dissatisfaction: A meta-analytic review. J Abnorm Psychol, 118(4): 683-698.
Neff K (2003a) Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2): 85-101.
Neff KD (2003b) The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3): 223-250.
Neff KD (2009) The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4): 211-214.
Neff KD (2011) Self‐compassion, self‐esteem, and well‐being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1): 1-12.
Neff KD, Germer CK (2013) A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program. J Clin Psychol, 69(1): 28-44.
Neff KD, Vonk R (2009) Self‐compassion versus global self‐esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. J Pers, 77(1): 23-50.
Nesi J, Prinstein MJ (2015) Using social media for social comparison and feedback-seeking: Gender and popularity moderate associations with depressive symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 43(8): 1427-1438.
Niu GF, Luo YJ, Sun XJ, Zhou ZK, Yu F, Yang SL et al. (2018) Qzone use and depression among Chinese adolescents: A moderated mediation model. J Affect Disord, 231: 58-62.
Olivardia R, Pope Jr HG, Borowiecki III JJ, Cohane GH (2004) Biceps and body image: the relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 5(2): 112-120.
Özer AK, Özer S (2011) Durumsal-sürekli depresyon ölçeğinin faktöriyel alt yapısı. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 7(2): 210-217.
Öztemel K, Traş Z (2017) Facebook yoğunluğu ölçeği’nin (FYÖ) Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Faktör yapısı ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesi. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15(2): 91-101.
Parks MR, Floyd K (1996) Meanings for closeness and intimacy in friendship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 13(1): 85-107.
Paxton SJ, Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Eisenberg ME (2006) Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol, 35(4): 539-549.
Rousseau A, Eggermont S, Frison E (2017) The reciprocal and indirect relationships between passive Facebook use, comparison on Facebook, and adolescents' body dissatisfaction. Comput Human Behav, 73: 336-344.
Shapira LB, Mongrain M (2010) The benefits of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(5): 377-389.
Sherlock M, Wagstaff DL (2018) Exploring the relationship between frequency of Instagram use, exposure to idealized images, and psychological well-being in women. Psychol Pop Media Cult.
Slater A, Varsani N, Diedrichs PC (2017) # fitspo or# loveyourself? The impact of fitspiration and self-compassion Instagram images on women’s body image, self-compassion, and mood. Body Image, 22: 87-96.
Speilberger C, Ritterband L, Reheiser E, Brunner T (2003) The nature and measurement of depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 3(2): 209-234.
Şanlier N, Türközü D, Toka O (2016) Body image, food addiction, depression, and body mass index in university students. Ecol Food Nutr, 55(6): 491-507.
Tesser A (1988) Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 21: 181-227. Academic Press.
Tesser A, Campbell J (1980) Self-definition: The impact of the relative performance and similarity of others. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43(3): 341-347.
Tesser A, Millar M, & Moore J (1988) Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(1): 49-61.
Tesser A, Smith J (1980) Some effects of task relevance and friendship on helping: You don't always help the one you like. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(6): 582-590.
Thompson J, Stice E (2001) Thin-ideal internalization: mounting evidence for a new risk factor for body-image disturbance and eating pathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10: 181-183.
Thorisdottir IE, Sigurvinsdottir R, Asgeirsdottir BB, Allegrante JP, Sigfusdottir ID (2019) Active and passive social media use and symptoms of anxiety and depressed mood among Icelandic adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 22(8): 535-542.
Tiggemann M, Brown Z (2018) Labelling fashion magazine advertisements: Effectiveness of different label formats on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 25: 97-102.
Tiggemann M, McGill B (2004) The role of social comparison in the effect of magazine advertisements on women's mood and body dissatisfaction. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(1): 23-44.
Tiggemann M, Zaccardo M (2015) “Exercise to be fit, not skinny”: The effect of fitspiration imagery on women's body image. Body Image, 15: 61-67.
Tosun LP (2017) Sanal Ortamda Gerçek Kişiler: Sosyal Ağlar ve Sosyal Psikoloji. İstanbul, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Tosun LP (2019) Sosyal ağ sitelerinin kullanımı ve öznel iyi oluş. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11(3): 304-317.
Tosun LP, Kasdarma E (2019) Passive Facebook use and depression: A Study of the roles of upward comparisons, emotions, and friendship type. Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications. Advance online publication.
Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow NL (2015) The Body Appreciation Scale-2: item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 12: 53-67.
Van den Berg P, Paxton SJ, Keery H, Wall M, Guo J, Neumark-Sztainer D (2007) Body dissatisfaction and body comparison with media images in males and females. Body Image, 4(3): 257-268.
Walther JB, Van Der Heide B, Ramirez A Jr, Burgoon JK, and Peña J (2015) Interpersonal and hyperpersonal dimensions of computer-mediated communication. In The Handbook of the Psychology of Communication Technology, (Ed S. S. Sundar):1-22. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Wright KB, Rosenberg J, Egbert N, Ploeger NA, Bernard DR, King S (2013) Communication competence, social support, and depression among college students: A model of Facebook and face-to-face support network influence. J Health Comm, 18(1): 41-57.
Yoon S, Kleinman M, Mertz J, Brannick M (2019) Is social network site usage related to depression? A meta-analysis of Facebook-depression relations. J Affect Disord, 248: 65-72.
Zuckerman EW, Jost JT (2001) What makes you think you're so popular? Self-evaluation maintenance and the subjective side of the "friendship paradox". Social Psychology Quarterly, 64(3) 207-223.