Ruh Sağlığı ve Psikiyatrik Bakımda Ampirik Etik Görünümleri

Etik biliminde ampirik bilginin anlamı geçmişten beri tartışılır. Sosyal bilimler ve normatif etiğin bir kombinasyonu olan ampirik etik genel anlamda sosyal bilim araştırması anlamına gelir. Etik analiz ve ampirik araştırmaların bütünleşmiş biçimi olarak da tanımlanan ampirik etik, ruhsal sorunlu bireylere sunulan bakım hizmetlerinde hemşirenin karşılaştığı çözülmesi zor görünen ikilemlere açıklık getirip tartışmaları zenginleştirir. Ruh sağlığı ve psikiyatrik bakımda bu bağlamda ampirik etikle birleşen araştırmalar oldukça yetersizdir. Bu makalede ampirik etiğin tanımlanması ve psikiyatrik bakım hizmetleri sunulan alanlarında gerçekleştirilmiş ampirik etik araştırması olarak tanımlanabilecek araştırmalarda tartışılması amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler:

Psikiyatrik bakım, etik, ampirik etik

Empiric Ethics Views in Mental Health and Psychiatric Care

The meaning of empirical knowledge in ethics has been debated from the past. Empirical ethics, which is a combination of social science and normative ethics, generally means social science research. Empirical ethics, which is also defined as an integrated form of ethical analysis and empirical research, enriches the discussions by clarifying the dilemmas faced by nurses in care services offered to individuals with mental health problems. In this context, studies combined with empirical ethics in mental health and psychiatric care are quite insufficient. In this article, it is aimed to define empirical ethics and discuss it in Turkey studies that can be defined as empirical ethical research conducted in the fields of psychiatric care.

Keywords:

Psychiatric nursing, ethics, empirics ethics,

PDF

___

Ahlak, vicdan…(2020) https://sozluk.gov.tr/. (Erişim tarihi 25.04.2020).
Aslantaş H (2015) Ruh Sağlığı ve Psikiyatri Hemşireliğinde Etik Konular, Kodlar ve Standartlar. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi 6(1):47-56.
Beauchamp TL, Childress JF (2013) Principles of Biomedical Ethics.7th Edition. Oxford: University Press.
Borry P, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (2004) What is the role of empirical research in bioethical reflection and decision-making? an ethical analysis. Med Health Care Philos 7:41–53.
Borry P, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (2005) the birth of the empirical turn in bioethics. bioethics 19:49–71.
Borry P, Schotsmans P, Dierickx K (2006) Empirical research in bioethical journals. A quantitative analysis. J Med Ethics, 32:240–245.
Bossle M, Zwick B (2004) Ethische Problemstellungen in psychiatrischen Kliniken. Psych Pflege 10: 244–248.
Çam O, Bilge A (2013) Türkiye’de Ruhsal Hastalığa / Hastaya Yönelik İnanç, Tutum ve Damgalama Süreci: Sistematik Derleme. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 4(2):91-101.
Çetinkaya Duman Z, Şengün İnan F, Moursel G, Çakar H (2015) Psikiyatri Kliniğinde Refakatçi Uygulamasına Yönelik Hasta Yakınlarının ve Sağlık Profesyonellerinin Görüşleri. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi. 6(2):79-84.
Demir S, Yıldırım NK (2014) Psikiyatri hemşirelerinin profesyonel davranışlarının belirlenmesi. Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi. 5:25–32.
Eren N (2014). Nurses’ attitudes towards ethical issues in psychiatric inpatient settings. Nurs Ethics, 21(3) 359–37.
Erikson AK, Sundfør B, Karlsson B, Raholm MB, Arman M (2012) Recognition as a valued human being: Perspectives of mental health service users. Nursing Ethics. 19(3) 357–368.
Fry T S. Hemşirelik Uygulamalarında Etik. Çev. Beyhan Bağ. Aktif Yayınevi, Erzurum, 2000.
Goldenberg MJ (2005) evidence-based ethics? On evidence-based practice and the „empirical turn“ from normative bioethics. BMC Med ethics, 6:1.
Gordijn, B (2000) Ethische Diskussion im Team. Nimwegener Modell der multidisziplinären Fallbesprechung’, Die Schwester/Der Pﬂeger 39, 114–117.
Göktaş A, Buldukoğlu K (2018) Psikiyatri kliniğinde çalışan hemşirelerin fiziksel tespit kullanımına ilişkin bilgi, tutum ve uygulamalarının belirlenmesi. J Psychiatric Nurs 2018;9(1):1-10.
Grube M (2003). Emotionale Reaktionen von Mitarbeitern im Umgang mit aggressiven psychiatrisch Erkrankten. Psychiatrische Praxis,30: 187–191.
Hope T (1999) Empirical medical ethics. J Med Ethics, 25:219–220.
Jansen RPS (1997) Evidence-based Ethics and the Regulation of Reproduction. Human Reproduction,12: 2068–2075.
Jordan W (2014) Ethik in der Psychiatrie – Einführung in die Thematik und Grundbegriffe ethischen Denkens. Psychiat Prax.41 (1)1–7.
Kalichman M (2012) Evidence-Based Research Ethics. Am J Bioeth 2009, 9(6– 7):85–87. 13.
Kocaman G (2003) Hemşirelikte Kanıta Dayalı Uygulama. Hemşirelikte Araştırma Geliştirme Dergisi. 2:61-69.
Mertz M (2009) Zur Möglichkeit einer evidenzbasierten Klinischen Ethik. Philosophische Untersuchungen zur Verwendung von Empirie und Evidenz in der (Medizin-) Ethik. GRIN Verlag: München/Ravensburg.
Mertz M, Inthorn J, Renz G, Rothenberger GL, Salloch S, Schildmann J, Wöhlke S, Schicktanz S (2014) Research across the disciplines: a road map for quality criteria in empirical ethics research. BMC Medical Ethics, 15:17.
McMillan J, Hope T (2008) The possibility of empirical psychiatric ethics. in: Widdershoven g, McMillan J, Hope T, Scheer L van der (eds) empirical ethics in psychiatry. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 9–23.
Molewijk B, Stiggelbout AM, Otten W, Dupuis HM, Kievit J (2004) Empirical data and moral theory. A plea for integrated empirical ethics. Med Health Care Philos 7:55–69.
Molewijk B (2004) Integrated empirical ethics: In search for clarifying identities A response to “Integrated empirical ethics: Loss of normativity?” Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 7: 85–87.
Musschenga AW (1999) Empirical Science and Ethical Theory: the Case of Informed Consent. In Reasoning in Ethics and Law. A.W. Musschenga & W.J. van der Steen, eds. Ashgate: Aldershot: 183–204.
Musschenga AW (2005) Empirical ethics, context-sensitivity, and contextualism. J Med Philos. 30:467–490.
Nordenfelt L. The varieties of dignity. Health Care Analysis 2004; 12(2): 69–81.
Oğuz Y (1994) Psikiyatride Onam ve Aydınlatılmış Onam. Ankara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi), Ankara.
Paulsen JE (2011) Ethics of caring and professional roles. Nursing Ethics 18(2) 201–208.
Reiter-Theil S, Schürmann J, Schmeck K (2014) Klinische Ethik in der Psychiatrie: State of the Art. Psychiatrische Praxis, 07(41):355-364.
Sackett Dl, Rosenberg WMC, Gray JAM, Haynes RB, Richardson WC (1996) Evidence based medicine: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ 312:71–72.
Salloch S, Schildmann J, Vollmann J (2011) Empirische Medizinethik: Eine Übersicht zu Begriff und Konzepten. In Empirische Medizinethik. Konzepte, Methoden und Ergebnisse. Edited by Vollmann J, Schildmann J. Münster: LIT Verlag, 11–24.
Salloch S, Schildmann J, Vollmann J (2012) Empirical research in medical ethics: How conceptual accounts on normative-empirical collaboration may improve research practice. BMC Med Ethics. 13(1).
Salloch S (2012a) „Evidenzbasierte Ethik“? – Über hypothetische und kategorische Handlungsnormen in der Medizin. Ethik Med, 24:5–17.
Salloch S (2012b) Empirical research in medical ethics: How conceptual accounts on normative-empirical collaboration may improve research practice. BMC Medical Ethics, 13:5.
Sass HM (2014) Bioethik – Bioethics. Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte, 56:221-228.
Schildmann J, Vollmann J (2009) Empirische Forschung in der Medizinethik: Methodenreflexion und forschungspraktische Herausforderungen am Beispiel eines mixed-method Projekts zur ärztlichen Handlungspraxis am Lebensende. Ethik Med, 21:259–269.
Schulz M (2011) Ethik kann man nicht verschreiben. Psych Pflege.17: 253-254.
Smolka M, Klimitz H, Scheuring B et al. (1997). Zwangsmaßnahmen in der Psychiatrie aus Sicht der Patienten. Der Nervenarzt, 68: 888–895.
Steinert T (2001) Ethische Probleme in der psychiatrischen Behandlung und Pflege Psych Pflege, 7(1): 32-36.
Sugarman J (2004) The future of empirical research in bioethics. J Law Med Ethics 2004, 32:226-231.
Strech D (2008) Evidence-based ethics – what it should be and what it shouldn’t. BMC Med Ethics. 9:16.
Thiele P (2005) Ethische Aspekte bei der Pflege fixierter psychisch erkrankter Menschen. Psych Pflege, 11: 131–137.
TPD-Etik Kurallar (2002) https://www.psikiyatri.org.tr/tpd-kutuphanesi/belge/311 (Erişim tarihi 11.05.2020).
Tyson JE, Stoll BJ (2003) Evidence-based ethics and the care and outcome of extremely premature infants. Clin Perinatol, 30:363–387.
Van der Arend A, Gastmans C. Ethik für Pflegende. Bern, Göttingen, Toronto, Seattle: Huber Verlag, 1996.
Vries R de, Gordijn N (2009) Empirical ethics and its alleged meta-ethical fallacies. Bioethics, 23:193–201.
Yıldırım G, Kadıoğlu S (2007) Etik ve tıp etiği temel kavramları. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 29:7-12.
Yılmaz M (2015) Psikiyatri Kliniklerinde Çalişan Hemşirelerin İntihara Yönelik Tutumlari. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), İstanbul.
Widdershoven G, Van der Scheer L (2008) Theory and methodology of empirical ethics: a pragmatic hermeneutic perspective. In Empirical ethics in psychiatry. Edited by Widdershoven G, McMillan J, Hope T, Van der Scheer L. New York: Oxford University Press; 23–36.