Çocuk ve Ergenlerde Yeme Bozuklukları

Yeme bozuklukları çocuk ve ergenlik döneminde sıklıkla karşılaşılan önemli bir bozukluktur. Bu derlemede çocuk ve ergenlerde sık karşılaşılan yeme bozuklukları ile ilgili bilgilerimizi güncellemek ve yeme bozukluklarını daha iyi tanıyarak erken tanı ve tedavinin önemini vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu yazıda daha sık rastlanılan anoreksiya nervoza ve bulimia nervoza üzerinde durulmuştur.

Eating Disorders in Child and Adolescents

Eating disorders are relatively common and serious disorders in adolescent and pre-adolescent age. The aim of this review is to update new findings related with mostly seen feeding and eating disorders in child and adolescents. The article focuses specifically on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

___

  • Ahs F, Furmark T, Michelgård Å, Långström B, Appel L, Wolf O et al. (2006) Hypothalamic blood flow correlates positively with stress-induced cortisol levels in subjects with social anxiety disorder. Psychosom Med, 68:859-862.
  • Aigner M, Treasure J, Kaye W,Kasper S (2011) World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of eating disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry, 12:400-443.
  • Anschutz DJ, Kanters LJ, Van Strien T, Vermulst AA, Engels R (2009) Maternal behaviors and restrained eating and body dissatisfaction in young children. Int J Eat Disord, 42:54-61.
  • Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S (2011) Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: a meta-analysis of 36 studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68:724-731.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM-III). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2006) American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorders: compendium 2006: Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Publishing.
  • Attia E, Haiman C, Walsh BT, Flater SR (1998) Does fluoxetine augment the inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa? Am J Psychiatry; 155:548-551.
  • Bacaltchuk J, Hay P (2003) Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (4):CD003391.
  • Berkman ND, Lohr KN, Bulik CM (2007) Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord, 40:293-309.
  • Boachie A, Goldfield GS, Spettigue W (2003) Olanzapine use as an adjunctive treatment for hospitalized children with anorexia nervosa: case reports. Int J Eat Disord, 33: 98-103.
  • Bozzato A, Burger P, Zenk J, Uter W, Iro H (2008) Salivary gland biometry in female patients with eating disorders. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 265:1095-1102.
  • Brewerton TD (2012) Antipsychotic agents in the treatment of anorexia nervosa: neuropsychopharmacologic rationale and evidence from controlled trials. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 14:398-405.
  • Button E, Aldridge S (2007) Season of birth and eating disorders: patterns across diagnoses in a specialized eating disorders service. Int J Eat Disord, 40:468-471.
  • Button E, Sonuga-Barke E, Davies J, Thompson M (1996) A prospective study of self-esteem in the prediction of eating problems in adolescent schoolgirls: questionnaire findings. Br J Clin Psychol, 35:193-203.
  • Büyükkal B (1995) Duygudurum spektrumunda yeme bozukluklarının yeri (Aile Çalışması) (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Campbell K, Peebles R (2014) Eating disorders in children and adolescents: state of the art review. Pediatrics, 134: 582-592.
  • Casper RC (1998) Depression and eating disorders. Depress Anxiety, 8:96-104.
  • Casper RC, Hedeker D, McClough JF (1992) Personality dimensions in eating disorders and their relevance for subtyping. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 31:830-840.
  • Cassin SE, von Ranson KM (2005) Personality and eating disorders: a decade in review. Clin Psychol Rev, 25:895-916.
  • Cervera S, Lahortiga F, Angel Martínez-González M, Gual P, Irala-Estevez JD, Alonso Y (2003) Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for incident eating disorders in a prospective cohort study. Int J Eat Disord, 33: 271-280.
  • Chui HT, Christensen BK, Zipursky RB, Richards BA, Hanratty MK, Kabani NJ et al. (2008) Cognitive function and brain structure in females with a history of adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. Pediatrics, 122(2):e426-e437.
  • Değirmenci T (2006) Obez erişkinlerde benlik saygısı, yaşam kalitesi, yeme tutumu, depresyon ve anksiyete (Uzmanlık tezi). Denizli, Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
  • Delvenne V, Goldman S, Biver F, Maertalaer VD, Wikler D, Damhaut P et al. (1997) Brain hypometabolism of glucose in low-weight depressed patients and in anorectic patients: a consequence of starvation? J Affect Disord, 44:69-77.
  • Dimitropoulos G, Freeman VE, Bellai K, Olmsted M (2013) Inpatients with severe anorexia nervosa and their siblings: non‐shared experiences and family functioning. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 21:284-293.
  • Elfhag K (2003) Rorschach personality characteristics in obesity, eating behaviour and treatment outcome (Uzmanlık tezi). Stockholm, Karolinska Institute..
  • Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ (2003) Eating disorders. Lancet, 361:407-416.
  • Faris PL, Kim SW, Meller WH, Goodale RL, Oakman SA, Hofbauer RD et al. (2000) Effect of decreasing afferent vagal activity with ondansetron on symptoms of bulimia nervosa: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet, 355:792-797.
  • Field AE, Sonneville KR, Micali N, Crosby RD, Swanson SA, Laird NM et al. (2012) Prospective association of common eating disorders and adverse outcomes. Pediatrics, 130(2):e289-295.
  • Fish M, Belsky J, Youngblade L (1991) Developmental antecedents and measurement of intergenerational boundary violation in a nonclinic sample. J Family Psychol, 4:278-278.
  • Flament MF, Bissada H, Spettigue W (2012) Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of eating disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 15:189-207.
  • Fong H-f, DiVasta AD, DiFabio D, Ringelheim J, Jonas MM, Gordon CM (2008) Prevalence and predictors of abnormal liver enzymes in young women with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr, 153:247-253.
  • Glasofer DR, Attia E, Walsh BT (2015) Feeding and eating disorders. In Psychiatry, Fourth Edition (Eds A Tasman, J Kay, JA Lieberman, MB First, MB Riba):1231-1249. New York, Wiley.
  • Godart NT, Flament M, Perdereau F, Jeammet P (2002) Comorbidity between eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review. Int J Eat Disord, 32:253-270.
  • Golden NH, Attia E (2011) Psychopharmacology of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am, 58:121-138.
  • Gordon RA (2000) Eating Disorders: Anatomy of a Social Epidemic: Oxford, UK, Blackwell.
  • Grice D, Halmi K, Fichter M, Strober M, Woodside DB, Treasure JT et al. (2002) Evidence for a susceptibility gene for anorexia nervosa on chromosome 1. Am J Human Genet, 70:787-792.
  • Hay P, Chinn D, Forbes D, Madden S, Newton R, Sugenor L et al. (2014) Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of eating disorders. Austr N Z J Psychiatry, 48:977-1008.
  • Hay PP, Claudino AM, Kaio MH (2001) Antidepressants versus psychological treatments and their combination for bulimia nervosa. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (4):CD003385.
  • National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2004). Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders. Leicester (UK), British Psychological Society.
  • Hedges DW, Reimherr FW, Hoopes SP, Rosenthal NR, Kamin M, Karim R et al. (2003) Treatment of bulimia nervosa with topiramate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, part 2: improvement in psychiatric measures. J Clin Psychiatry, 64:1449-1454.
  • Holt K and Ricciardelli LA (2002) Social comparisons and negative affect as indicators of problem eating and muscle preoccupation among children. J Appl Dev Psychol, 23:285-304.
  • Holtkamp K, Konrad K, Kaiser N, Ploenes Y, Heussen N, Grzella I et al. (2005a) A retrospective study of SSRI treatment in adolescent anorexia nervosa: insufficient evidence for efficacy. J Psychiatr Res, 39:303-310.
  • Holtkamp K, Müller B, Heussen N, Remschmidt H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B (2005b) Depression, anxiety, and obsessionality in long-term recovered patients with adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 14:106-110.
  • Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Kessler RC (2007) The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry, 61:348-358.
  • McKnight Investigators (2003) Risk factors for the onset of eating disorders in adolescent girls: results of the McKnight longitudinal risk factor study. Am J Psychiatry, 160:248-254.
  • Jacobi C, Schmitz G, Agras WS (2008) Interactions between disturbed eating and weight in children and their mothers. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 29:360-366.
  • Jacobvitz DB, Bush NF (1996) Reconstructions of family relationships: parent–child alliances, personal distress, and self-esteem. Dev Psychol, 32: 732-743.
  • Kastner S, Salbach-Andrae H, Renneberg B, Pfeiffer E, Lehmkuhl U, Schmitz L (2012) Echocardiographic findings in adolescents with anorexia nervosa at beginning of treatment and after weight recovery. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 21:15-21.
  • Katzman DK (2005) Medical complications in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord, 37:S52-S59.
  • Katzman DK, Peebles R, Sawyer SM, Lock J, Le Grange D (2013) The role of the pediatrician in family-based treatment for adolescent eating disorders: opportunities and challenges. J Adolesc Health, 53:433-440.
  • Kaye WH, Nagata T, Weltzin TE, Hsu LKG, Sokol MS, McConaha C et al. (2001) Double-blind placebo-controlled administration of fluoxetine in restricting-and restricting-purging-type anorexia nervosa. Biol Psychiatry, 49:644-652.
  • Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Bischoff-Grethe A (2013) Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. Trends Neurosci, 36:110-120.
  • Keel PK, Dorer DJ, Eddy KT, Franko D, Charatan DL, Herzog DB. (2003) Predictors of mortality in eating disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60:179-183.
  • Keel PK, Klump KL (2003) Are eating disorders culture-bound syndromes? implications for conceptualizing their etiology. Psychol Bull, 129:747-769.
  • Keel PK, Mitchell JE (1997) Outcome in bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry,154:313-321.
  • Krieg JC, Lauer C, Pirke KM (1989) Structural brain abnormalities in patients with bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Res, 27:39-48.
  • Lambe EK, Katzman DK, Mikulis DJ, Kennedy SH, Zipursky RB (1997) Cerebral gray matter volume deficits after weight recovery from anorexia nervosa. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 54:537-542.
  • Lask B (2000) Anorexia nervosa and related eating disorders in childhood and adolescence: Taylor & Francis.
  • Le Grange D, Swanson SA, Crow SJ, Merikangas KR (2012) Eating disorder not otherwise specified presentation in the US population. Int J Eat Disord, 45:711-718.
  • Lebow J, Sim LA, Erwin PJ, Murad MH (2013) The effect of atypical antipsychotic medications in individuals with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Eat Disord, 46:332-339.
  • Lilenfeld LR, Kaye WH, Greeno CG, Merikangas KR, Plotnicov K, Pollice C et al. (1998) A controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives and effects of proband comorbidity. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55:603-610.
  • Löwe B, Zipfel S, Buchholz C, Dupont Y, Reas DL, Herzog W (2001) Long-term outcome of anorexia nervosa in a prospective 21-year follow-up study. Psychol Med, 31:881-890.
  • Madowitz J, Knatz S, Maginot T, Crow SJ, Boutelle KN (2012) Teasing, depression and unhealthy weight control behaviour in obese children. Pediatr Obes, 7:446-452.
  • Maner F (2001) Yeme bozuklukları. Psikiyatri Dünyası, 5:130-139.
  • Maner F, Aydın A (2007) Bulimiya nervozada psikososyokültürel etmenler. Düşünen Adam: Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi, 20:25-37.
  • Maxwell M, Thornton LM, Root TL, Pinheiro AP, Strober M, Brandt H et al. (2011) Life beyond the eating disorder: education, relationships, and reproduction. Int J Eat Disord, 44:225-232.
  • Meczekalski B, Podfigurna-Stopa A and Katulski K (2013) Long-term consequences of anorexia nervosa. Maturitas 75: 215-220.
  • Mehler PS (2003) Bulimia nervosa. New Engl J Med, 349:875-881.
  • Mehler‐Wex C, Romanos M, Kirchheiner J, Schulze UME (2008) Atypical antipsychotics in severe anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents—review and case reports. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 16:100-108.
  • Miller K, Grinspoon S, Gleysteen S, Grieco KA, Ciampa J, Breu J et al. (2004) Preservation of neuroendocrine control of reproductive function despite severe undernutrition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:4434-4438.
  • Misra M, Aggarwal A, Miller KK, Almazan C, Worley M, Soyka LA et al. (2004) Effects of anorexia nervosa on clinical, hematologic, biochemical, and bone density parameters in community-dwelling adolescent girls. Pediatrics, 114:1574-1583.
  • Misra M, Klibanski A (2010) Neuroendocrine consequences of anorexia nervosa in adolescents. Endocr Dev, 17:197-214.
  • Misra M, Klibanski A (2011) Bone metabolism in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Endocrinol Invest; 34:324-332.
  • Mitchell JE, Roerig J, Steffen K (2013) Biological therapies for eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord, 46:470-477.
  • Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Larson NI, Eisenberg ME, Loth K (2011) Dieting and disordered eating behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood: findings from a 10-year longitudinal study. J Am Diet Assoc, 111:1004-1011.
  • Newman-Toker J (2000) Risperidone in anorexia nervosa. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 39:941-942.
  • Nickel C, Tritt K, Muehlbacher M, Gil FP, Mitterlehner FO, Kaplan P et al. (2005) Topiramate treatment in bulimia nervosa patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Eat Disord, 38:295-300.
  • Norring C, Sohlberg S (1993) Outcome, recovery, relapse and mortality across six years in patients with clinical eating disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 87:437-444.
  • Öncü B, Sakarya A (2013) Role of cognitive factors and distortions in adolescent suicides. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 5:232-245.
  • Özdemir PG, Selvi Y, Aydın A (2012) Impulsivity and its treatment. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar-Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 4:293-314.
  • Palla B and Litt IF (1988) Medical complications of eating disorders in adolescents. Pediatrics, 81:613-623.
  • Papadopoulos FC, Ekbom A, Brandt L, Ekselius L (2009) Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry, 194:10-17.
  • Parkinson KN, Drewett RF, Le Couteur AS, Adamson AJ (2012) Earlier predictors of eating disorder symptoms in 9-year-old children. a longitudinal study. Appetite, 59:161-167.
  • Peebles R, Hardy KK, Wilson JL, Lock JD (2010) Are diagnostic criteria for eating disorders markers of medical severity? Pediatrics, 125: e1193-e1201.
  • Pinhas L, Morris A, Crosby RD, Katzman DK (2011) Incidence and age-specific presentation of restrictive eating disorders in children: a Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 165:895-899.
  • Pinhas-Hamiel O, Levy-Shraga Y (2013) Eating disorders in adolescents with type 2 and type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep, 13:289-297.
  • Pinheiro AP, Bulik CM, Thornton LM, Sullivan PF, Root TL, Bloss CS et al. (2010) Association study of 182 candidate genes in anorexia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet, 153:1070-1080.
  • Pope HG, Hudson JI (1992) Is childhood sexual abuse a risk factor for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry, 149:455-463.
  • Price C, Schmidt M, Adam E, Lacey H (2008) Parotid gland enlargement in eating disorders: an insensitive sign? Eat Weight Disord, 13:e79-e83.
  • Quick VM, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Neumark-Sztainer D (2013) Chronic illness and disordered eating: a discussion of the literature. Adv Nutr, 4:277-286.
  • Raymond NC, Neumeyer B, Thuras P, Weller CL, Eckert ED, Crow S et al. (1999) Compulsive and impulsive traits in individuals with obese binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Eat Disord, 7:299-317.
  • Reijonen JH, Pratt HD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE (2003) Eating disorders in the adolescent population: an overview. J Adolesc Res, 18:209-222.
  • Ricca V, Rotella F, Mannucci E, Ravaldi C, Castellini G, Lapi F et al. (2010) Eating behaviour and body satisfaction in mediterranean children: the role of the parents. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health, 6:59-65.
  • Rosen DS (2010) Identification and management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 126:1240-1253.
  • Rowa K, Kerig PK, Geller J (2001) The family and anorexia nervosa: examining parent–child boundary problems†. Eur Eat Disord Rev, 9: 97-114.
  • Russell G (1979) Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med, 9:429-448.
  • Setnick J (2010) Micronutrient deficiencies and supplementation in anorexia and bulimia nervosa a review of literature. Nutr Clin Pract, 25:137-142.
  • Shapiro JR, Berkman ND, Brownley KA, Sedway JA, Lohr KN, Bulik CM (2007) Bulimia nervosa treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Eat Disord, 40:321-336.
  • Sinton MM, Goldschmidt AB, Aspen V, Theim KR; Stein RI, Saelens BE et al. (2012) Psychosocial correlates of shape and weight concerns in overweight pre-adolescents. J Youth Adolesc, 41:67-75.
  • Smink FR, Hoeken D, Oldehinkel AJ, Hoek HW (2014) Prevalence and severity of DSM-5 eating disorders in a community cohort of adolescents. Int J Eat Disord, 47:610-619.
  • Stein A, Woolley H, Cooper S, Winterbottom J, Fairburn CG, Cortina-Borja MC (2006) Eating habits and attitudes among 10-year-old children of mothers with eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry, 189:324-329.
  • Stice E, Marti CN, Rohde P (2013) Prevalence, incidence, impairment, and course of the proposed DSM-5 eating disorder diagnoses in an 8-year prospective community study of young women. J Abnorm Psychol, 122:445-457.
  • Stiles-Shields C, Rienecke Hoste R, M Doyle P, Le Grange D (2012) A review of family-based treatment for adolescents with eating disorders. Rev Recent Clin Trials, 7:33-140.
  • Striegel-Moore RH, Bulik CM (2007) Risk factors for eating disorders. Am Psychol, 62:181-198.
  • Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J (2007) The association of anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive personality disorder with anorexia nervosa: evidence from a family study with discussion of nosological and neurodevelopmental implications. Int J Eat Disord, 40 (Suppl):S46-S51.
  • Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J, Kaye W (2000) Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes. Am J Psychiatry, 157:393-401.
  • Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J, Kaye W (2001) Males with anorexia nervosa: a controlled study of eating disorders in first‐degree relatives. Int J Eat Disord, 29:263-269.
  • Strober M, Freeman R, Lampert C, Diamond J, Teplinsky C, DeAntonio M (2006) Are there gender differences in core symptoms, temperament and short-term prospective outcome in anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord, 39:570-575.
  • Swanson SA, Crow SJ, Le Grange D, Swendsen J, Merikangas KR (2011) Prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in adolescents: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68:714-723.
  • Thomas JJ, Vartanian LR and Brownell KD (2009) The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating disorders: meta-analysis and implications for DSM. Psychol Bull, 135:407-433.
  • Titova OE, Hjorth OC, Schiöth HB, Brooks S (2013) Anorexia nervosa is linked to reduced brain structure in reward and somatosensory regions: a meta-analysis of VBM studies. BMC Psychiatry, 13:110.
  • Toker DE, Hocaoğlu Ç (2009) Yeme bozuklukları ve aile yapısı: bir gözden geçirme. Düşünen Adam, 22:36-42.
  • Trace SE, Baker JH, Peñas-Lledó E, Bulik CM (2013) The genetics of eating disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 9:589-620.
  • Uher R, Treasure J (2005) Brain lesions and eating disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76: 852-857.
  • Üneri ÖŞ (2010) Anoreksiya nervoza ve kaygı bozuklukları. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi, 4:236-239.
  • Ünsal A, Tozun M, Ayrancı Ü, Arslantaş D (2010) Türkiye'nin batısındaki bir ilçede lise öğrencilerinde olası yeme bozukluğu görülme sıklığı ve ilişkili faktörler. Dirim, 85:100-112.
  • Van Autreve S, De Baene W, Baeken C, van Heeringen C, Vervaet M (2013) Do restrictive and bingeing/purging subtypes of anorexia nervosa differ on central coherence and set shifting? Eur Eat Disord Rev, 21:308-314.
  • van den Heuvel LL, Jordaan GP (2014) The psychopharmacological management of eating disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 26:125-137.
  • Vogler RJM (1989) The medicalization of eating: social control in an eating disorders clinic (PhD thesis). Los Angeles, University of Southern California.
  • Von Ranson KM (2008) Personality and eating disorders. In Annual Review of Eating Disorders (Eds S Wonderlich, JE Mitchell, M de Zwaan, H Steiger):84-96. Oxford, Radcliffe.
  • Weaver L, Liebman R (2011) Assessment of anorexia nervosa in children and adolescents. Curr Psychiatry Rep, 13:93-98.
  • Yager J, Devlin MJ, Halmi KA, Herzog DB, Mitchell JE, Powers P et al. (2014) Guideline watch (August 2012): practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders. Focus, 12:416-431.
  • Zincir SB (2014) Yeme bozukluklarında nöroendokrin ve moleküler etkileşimler. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 6:389-400.