Tolerans analiz yaklaşımları-I: Genel metodlar, tolerans diyagramı ve graf teori

Endüstriyel bir üründe performans, maliyet ve kalite esastır. Kaliteyi arttırmak, maliyeti düşürmek ve pazarda yer bulabilmek için "tolerans kontrolü"nün büyük bir rol oynadığını farkeden endüstriyel kuruluşlarda "tolerans analizi" oldukça önem kazanmıştır. Bu amaçla, üretim şartları ve performans özellikleri esasına göre toleransların belirlenmesinde tasarımcılara yardımcı olmak için yeni modeller ve analiz araçları geliştirilmektedir. Bu durum tasarım özellikleri ile üretim şartlarını ortak bir modelde bir araya getiren "üretim için tasarım (Design For Manufacturing - DFM)" ve "eş zamanlı mühendislik (Concurrent Engineering - CE)" uygulamalarını teşvik etmektedir. Bu makale dizisinde, yukarıda da belirtildiği gibi, önemi giderek artan "tolerans analizi"nde kullanılan yöntemleri tanıtmak ve özellikle de bilgisayar destekli tolerans analizi uygulamalarının bir değerlendirilmesini yapmak amaçlanmıştır. Tolerans analizinde kullanılan yöntem, model ve çalışmaların oldukça fazla olması sebebi ile, yöntemlerin gruplandırılması hedeflenmiş ve dizinin ilk makalesinde genel metotlar tanıtılarak özellikle en yaygın kullanılan "tolerans 'diyagramı ve graf teorisi" metodu dolaylı irdelenerek literatürdeki çalışmalarla beraber değerlendirilmiştir.

A riview of tolerance analysis approaches-I: General methods, tolerance charting and graph theory

An industrial product must have the characteristics of: the desired performances, reduced costs and a high quality. The tolerance checking has been playing very important roles in order to increase quality, reduce manufacturing costs and compete with other companies. Industrial companies that realizing this fact have given special attention to the tolerance analysis during manufacturing activities. Due to the establishment of this reality, new models and analysis tools have been developed to support the designer for the determination of tolerances based upon manufacturing conditions and performance characteristics. Thus, this tendency encourages applications of design for manufacturing and concurrent engineering that unifies design properties and manufacturing conditions within a common model. The series of these papers aim at describing methods used in the analysis of tolerance and specially evaluating applications of computer aided tolerance analysis. There exist many methods for such purpose and a classification of these methods are also given. Finally, this first paper examines general methods in the field, paying special attention to those including the methods of tolerance charting and graph theory, compares the research related to this subject.

___

1. Zeid, I., CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, McGraw-Hill, Inc. USA, 1991.
2. Evans, D.H., Statistical Tolerancing: The state of the Art, Part I, Journal of Quality Technology, 6, 4, 188-195, 1974.
3. Wade, O.R., Tolerance Control In Designand Manufacturing, Industrial Press, New York, 1967.
4. Bjorke, 0., Computer-Aided Tolerancing, Apir Publisher, Trondheim, Norway, 1978.
5. Ji, P., Lau, K.H., Design for Manufacturing: A Dimensioning Aspect, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 91, 3, 121-127, June 1999.
6. Ahluwalia, R.S., Ji, P., Process Planning in Concurrent Engineering Environment, International Eng. Conference Proceedings, 535-540, San Francisco, May 20-23, 1990.
7. Ji, P., Fuh, J.Y.H., Ahluwalia, R.S., A Diagraphic Approach for Dimensional Chain Identification In Design And Manufacturing, ASME, 118,539-544, 1996.
8. Ji, P., Computer Aided Operational Dimensions Calculation, Master Thesis, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
9. Wade, O.R., Tolerance Control, T.J. Dorzda, C. Wick (Eds) Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, The Society of Man. Eng., 1, 1-60, Dearborn, Michigan, 1983.
10. Ji, P., A Tree Approach for Tolerance Charting, Int. J. of Prod. Re., 31, 1023-1033, 1993.
11. He, J.R., Lin, G.C.I., Computerised Trace Method for Establishing Equations for-Dimensions and Tolerance in Design and Manufacture, Int. J. of Adv. Man. Tech., 7, 210-217, 1992.
12. Irani, S.A., Mittal, R.O., Lehtihet, E.A., Tolerance Chart Optimisation, Int. J. of Prod.Research, 27, 1531-1552, 1989.
13. Ngoi, B.K.A., Fang, S.L., Computer Aided Tolerancing Charting, Int. J. of Production Research, 32, 1939-1954, 1994.
14. Xiaoging, T., Davies, B.J., Computer Aided Dimensional Planning", International Journal of Production Research, 26, 283-297, 1988.
15. Çavdar, K., Bilgisayar Destekli Tolerans Analizi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü, 1993.
16. Ping, J.I., Mingyang, K.E., Ahluwalia, R.S., Computer-Aided Dimensioning for Process Planning, Int. Journal of Mach. Tools Man., 35, 10, 1353-1362, 1995.
17. Ping, J., Automatic Tolerance Assignment approach For Tolerance Charting, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 9, 6, 362-368, 1994.
18. Zhang, H.C., Huang, S.H., Mei, J., Operational Dimensioning And Tolerancing In Process Planning: Setup Planning, International Journal of Prod. Research, 34, 7, 1841-1858, 1996.
19. Juster, N. P., A Graph Based Approach To tolerance Analysis, Doktora Tezi, University of Leeds, 1988.
20. Konakalla, S, Gavankar, P., Object-Oriented System For Tolerance Charting, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 8, 4, 239-250, 1997.
21. Ngoi, B.K.A., Agarwal, M., Chua, C.S., Noded Graph Approach to Stack Analysis, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing, 14, 5, 343-349, 1998.
22. Ngoi, B.K.A., Agarwal, M., Chua, C.S., The Generic Capsule Approach to Tolerance Stack Analysis, International Journal of Production Research, 36, 12, 3273-3293, 1998.
23. Ngoi, B.K.A., Gob, L. C., 'Stepper' Approach to Tolerance Charting, Proc. of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineering Part B: J. of Eng. Man., 211, B7, 539-546, 1997.
24. Ngoi, B.K.A., Tan, C. S., Graphical Approach To Tolerance Charting - A 'Maze Chart' Method, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing, vol.13, n.4, 282-289, 1997
25. Ngoi, B.K.A., Min, O. J., Concurrent Tolerance Charting For Component and Assembly Using 'Modified Tree' Approach, Int. J. of Advanced Man,, 13, 10, 729-737,1997.
26. Ngoi, B.K.A., Cheong, K. C., Apparent Path Tracing Approach To Tolerance Charting, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing, 14, 8, 580-587, 1998.
27. Ngoi, B.K.A., Agarwal, M., Chua, C.S.,Nonlinear Optimization in Tolerance Chart - A Study Of Objective Functions, Int. Journal of Advanced Man., 14, 6, 423-427, 1998.
28. Ngoi, B.K.A., Lim, L. E. N., Ong, A. S., Lim, B. H., Applying the Coordinate Tolerance System to Tolerance Stack Analysis, Int.Journal of Advanced Man, 15, 6, 404-408,1999.
29. Ngoi, B.K.A., Lim, L. E. N., Ang, P.S., Ong, A.S., Assembly Tolerance Stack Analysis for Geometric Characteristics in From Control -The 'Catena' Method, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing, 15, 4, 292-298,1999.
30. Ngoi, B.K.A., Lim, B. H., Ong, A.S., Nexus Method For Evaluation Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Problems With Position Callout, Proceeding of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineering Part B: J. of Eng.Man, 214, 3,253-241, 1999